THANKSGIVING IN KANADA

Celebration in Canada

Thanksgiving is celebrated on the second Monday in October. In the United States, the same day is celebrated as Columbus Day and is an official holiday. The origin of Thanksgiving in Canada is different from in America. Canadians celebrate Thanksgiving as a sign of gratitude for the success of the harvest.

Thanksgiving is a celebration for 3 days on weekends. In some provinces, celebrations are even up to four days, from Friday to Monday. Thanksgiving is only celebrated with families in the English-speaking province of Canada, and is not so celebrated by Canadian citizens of French descent. The day of enjoying Thanksgiving is usually not specified, it can be eaten on Thursday, Friday or Sunday as long as it's still on Thanksgiving weekend. The Thanksgiving meal for Canadians can take place many times. Today with relatives from the husband's side, the next day can be with other relatives. Although hereditary Thanksgiving is celebrated with the family, a Thanksgiving weekend holiday is often used by young couples to take a walk enjoying the views of autumn leaves.

In Canada, Santa does not march on Thanksgiving. The only biggest Thanksgiving parade in Canada was the Oktoberfest parade in Kitchener-Waterloo.

History of Thanksgiving in Canada

The history of Thanksgiving in Canada began British explorer Martin Frobisher who tried to find a way north to Asia from the American continent. He did not succeed in finding the Bering Strait, but managed to establish a settlement in Canada. In 1578, Martin Frobisher held a memorial service in what is now called the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. That means thank you for surviving a long journey. The commemorative ceremony led by Martin Frobisher is the first Canadian Thanksgiving, as well as the first Thanksgiving celebration in North America. Many other settlers came to Canada then continued this tradition. Martin Frobisher later received the title of warrior from the United Kingdom and his name was enshrined for a bay in northern Canada called the Frobisher Bay.

At the same time, French settlers who managed to cross the ocean under the explorer leader Samuel de Champlain also held a large party to give thanks. They even formed a social gathering called Ordre de bon temps to increase the spirit and improvement of nutrition of French settlers, while sharing with neighbors who were native to Canada.

After the Seven Years' War ended in 1763 with New France falling into British hands, residents of Halifax celebrated Thanksgiving in a special way.

After the end of the American revolution, American refugees who were loyal supporters of the Kingdom of Great Britain flowed into Canada. The refugees brought along the American Thanksgiving traditions and habits to Canada, although Thanksgiving celebrations in Canada will continue to be related to worship and the traditions of the main European and British harvest festivals. The church is decorated with cornucopia (funnel-shaped ornaments containing vegetables and fruits), pumpkins, corn, wheat bonds, and various other crops.

In the end, in 1879, the Canadian Parliament established November 6 as Thanksgiving and an official holiday in Canada. After that, Thanksgiving celebrations often change, but often on the third Monday in October. After World War I, Armistice Day and Thanksgiving were both celebrated on Monday around November 11. Ten years later in 1931, the two celebrations were separated and Armistice Day was called Remembrance Day.

On January 31, 1957, the Canadian Parliament established:

"General Thanksgiving for the Almighty God who blesses Canada with abundant harvests ... will be commemorated on the second Monday of October."

Canada's first Thanksgiving Day after the Confederate deed was held on a holiday on April 5, 1872 to celebrate the healing of Prince Wales (later King Edward VII of the United Kingdom) of being seriously ill. Since 1879, Thanksgiving has always been celebrated every year, but the date has only been set for that year and is always changing.

HISTORY OF THANKSGIVING IN UNITED STATED

Pilgrims

The tradition of celebrating Thanksgiving by eating together began in America in 1621. Pilgrims living in Plymouth, Massachusetts held a dinner party with Native Americans of the Wampanoag tribe. The tradition of Thanksgiving dinner continues until now and is called "Thanksgiving dinner" with a main menu in the form of turkey. Part of the story of the origin of Thanksgiving in America is a myth that developed around the 1890s and early 1900s. Thanksgiving was intended as part of an effort to create national identity after the Civil War, and part of the awareness of the melting pot for new immigrants.

In 1621, the pilgrims set a day to celebrate celebrating the colony's first crop in Plymouth, New England. At that time, the party was held not to celebrate Thanksgiving, but rather a harvest party which was a tradition of the British and Indians of the Wampanoag tribe. Some colony officials wrote personal notes about the party in 1621 in Massachusetts.

The following notes are quoted from the book Of Plymouth Plantation written by Pilgrim leader William Bradford:

"They are now starting to collect small crops produced, and prepare homes and dwellings to face the winter, all of which are blessed with health and strength and all supplies are abundant. While some people work outside the home, some go fishing, cod, sea bass and other fish, all of which are stored and owned by every family in sufficient quantities. During the summer poultry is not needed, and now has a supply of poultry. Winter is approaching, this place is still abundant when they first arrive (but after it decreases little by little.) In addition to waterfowl, there are many supplies of wild turkeys, which many take by them, in addition to venison, etc. In addition, they have had to measure food rations a week for everyone, or now from harvest, corn Indians according to the same dosage, which made many people afterwards write happily about the abundant harvests of kep there are their friends in England, who are not made up, all are true reports. "

Writing by Mayflower leader Pilgrim Edward Winslow in the book Mourt's Relations:

"Our harvest has been brought in, our governor sent four people to hunt poultry, so we can celebrate together on special occasions after finishing collecting the results of hard work. The four of them in one day got the same number of poultry, with a group of people for a week, that with a little help. At that time, among other free time fillers, when we held celebrations, many Indians came to our place, and among them the greatest king Massasoit, along with ninety people, whom we entertained and feasted on eating for three days, and they went hunting and got five deer, which we brought to the plantation and offered to our governors, captains and others. And even though we didn't always have abundance as before at the same time, we were always above what we wanted, all of them thanks to God's goodness, we also want you to enjoy the abundance we have. "

Winslow's record of ninety Indians was very interesting. The number of indigenous people present exceeded 50 British people who survived at that time. The previous two sentences only recorded the incident at that time, but historians assume the two groups (British and Native Americans) held a celebration that was not yet common.

Pilgrims did not hold Thanksgiving as it is known now until 1623, after experiencing drought, prayer asked for rain, and rain succeeded in falling later. Thanksgiving celebrations are carried out irregularly and are only done if there is a pleasant event, or after food shortages due to unpleasant events. In the tradition of pilgrims in Plymouth, Thanksgiving is more of a church celebration and not a feast.

The Thanksgiving party held after the harvest gradually developed in the middle of the 17th century. But the day of organizing Thanksgiving was not yet in unison, each colony had its own Thanksgiving day.

The Massachusetts Bay colony celebrated its first Thanksgiving in 1630. Since then Thanksgiving has been held regularly, until finally around 1680 it was designated as an annual festival in the Massachusetts Bay colony. The Connecticut colony began Thanksgiving since 1639, held it every year until 1647, with the exception of 1675. The Dutch in New Netherland set a special day to celebrate Thanksgiving in 1644, and after that it was sometimes re-established.

American Revolutionary War until the formation of the state
During the American Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress set a date for Thanksgiving which could be one or more days, with the exception of 1777. Each time the Thanksgiving date was set, the Continental Congress encouraged the leaders of each state to take Thanksgiving on a specified date.

George Washington, revolutionary forces leader in the American Revolutionary War announced Thanksgiving in December 1777 as a celebration of victory after defeating British forces in the Battle of Saratoga. Every year, the Continental Congress from 1777 to 1783 establishes Thanksgiving in December, with the exception of 1782.

In 1789 and 1795, George Washington once again announced Thanksgiving, but this time in his capacity as president.

The determination of Thanksgiving by President George Washington in 1789 was thanks to the recommendation of a resolution established by the House of Representatives and the Senate. Thanksgiving was set nationally on November 26, 1789. The reason for holding Thanksgiving was "to encourage the people of the United States, a day to pray and give thanks to the public, to be commemorated with a thank you statement from the bottom of your heart for thanksgiving and signs of God's goodness Almighty, especially that has given the people the opportunity to establish a form of government peacefully, for the safety and happiness of the people ... "(signed) G. Washington, The Massachusetts Sentinel, Wednesday, October 14, 1789.

President John Adams declared Thanksgiving in 1798 and 1799. President Madison, set a day for Thanksgiving at the end of the nearly 1812 war in response to the resolution of Congress. In addition, President Madison had set a Thanksgiving holiday twice in 1815, but both were not celebrated in the fall.

Since 1817, every year the Governor of New York has set a Thanksgiving day. In some Southern countries, Thanksgiving has been opposed on the grounds that it only retains the remnants of puritan culture. But in 1858, the governors of 25 states and 2 territories had established Thanksgiving together.

In the midst of the United States Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln set a national Thanksgiving day to be celebrated on the last Thursday in November 1863. The determination of Thanksgiving was a reaction to a series of editorials written by Sarah Joseph Hale. Since 1863, Thanksgiving is officially celebrated every year in the United States.

President Roosevelt's period until now
In 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established Thanksgiving on the third Thursday in November and no longer on the fourth Thursday. This announcement was made when the American economy was still in the midst of the Great Depression. President Roosevelt intended to give traders a longer chance to sell as many items as possible before Christmas arrived. Increased merchant income and increased public expenditure are expected to help the country from the economic downturn. At that time, sales of goods for Christmas were still not worthy of being advertised until Thanksgiving finished. The Roosevelt Declaration of Thanksgiving was only followed by 23 states, while 22 states did not heed it. States such as Texas decide nothing and consider the third and fourth Thursday of the week as government holidays. In 1940, President Roosevelt insisted on celebrating Thanksgiving a week earlier (the third Thursday of the week) known as Franksgiving. In 1941, the United States Congress appeared as a mediator and set Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday in November, which sometimes falls on the last Thursday of the week, and sometimes falls on Thursday before the last Thursday of the week. President Roosevelt set this bill into law on November 26, 1941.

Since 1947, each year the National Turkey Federation has a tradition of giving gifts of 2 turkeys that have been cleaned and ready to be cooked and one turkey is alive to the President of the United States. A living turkey is forgiven for his life and lives peacefully as a pet on a farm. This tradition dates back to the time of President Harry Truman in 1947, but there is no evidence in this Truman Library library. Another opinion said that the tradition of forgiving turkeys began with President Abraham Lincoln who promised not to cut off his son's pet turkey. Both versions of the story were often quoted in a presidential speech.

Lately, the number of turkeys that have been forgiven has been two. In case one turkey is unable to receive clemency from the President. Since 2003, the public has been invited to participate in the contest giving the name turkey. In 2005, the names chosen were Marshmallow and Yam (who now lives in Disneyland). Biscuit and Gravy were chosen as the names of two turkeys in 2004. In 2003, both were named Stars and Stripes.

Since 1970, a group of people with a core of Indian tribes held a controversial memorial to the National Day of Mourning in protest at Thanksgiving at Plymouth Rock, Plymouth, Massachusetts.

THANKSGIVING DAY

Thanksgiving Day

Thanksgiving Day is a holiday in North America to thank and feel grateful at the end of the harvest season. Thanksgiving is an official holiday in the United States that falls on the fourth Thursday in November. In Canada, Thanksgiving falls on the second Monday in October.

First Thanksgiving

The first Thanksgiving Day was held in 1619 at the British Colony, now called Berkeley Plantation in Virginia, and in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1621.

Long weekend

In the United States, Thanksgiving holidays that always fall on Thursday are the first day of a 4-day long weekend. For some employees (78% in 2007), Thanksgiving and the following Friday are paid salaries. Apart from that, employees with a leave system that can be taken at any time can request leave on the day after Thanksgiving. 

The day after Thanksgiving is Friday, called Black Friday, which marks the start of the Christmas shopping season. Most stores have been open since early morning (usually since 5:00 a.m.), and sell goods with a loss / warehouse sale system so that buyers want to come. It is called Black Friday because on that day their bookkeeping balance usually changes from red (loss) to black (profit). Large stores such as electronics, supermall, and the like are usually full of people waiting in line to buy goods from Thursday afternoon. Some electronic stores have formed a queue of 100-200 people to buy goods on sale. Shops are usually open on Fridays at 5am, but the queues have sometimes begun since Thursday at 5pm. Supermal sometimes opens at 12 midnight and shops in it sell sale items. On this special day it is not uncommon for supermal visitors at midnight to become hundreds or even thousands of people.

Transportation

Thanksgiving in North America is also an opportunity to gather with family and relatives. Wednesday before Thanksgiving and Sunday, the last day of the Thanksgiving holiday, are the busiest days for air transportation, trains, intercity buses and highways.

Celebration tradition

Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade

In the United States there is a tradition of enjoying Thanksgiving dinner with family, friends and relatives. Turkey is the main dish, so Thanksgiving is also known as "Turkey Day". Turkeys are usually eaten with cranberry sauce and other dishes such as potato puree, boiled corn, pumpkin pie (the rest of Halloween), and various other autumn vegetables. When enjoying Thanksgiving food, people usually tell each other about the good things they have experienced.

Thanksgiving holidays began as a United States national holiday to thank and praise God. The legacy of religious values ​​continues in the form of tradition to say a prayer before enjoying Thanksgiving.

Thanksgiving celebration (Thursday) is a celebration that is not very commercial. Even though there are Thanksgiving greeting cards for sale in stores, not many people like to buy them. In addition to food and drinks to be enjoyed together, people also usually do not expect to be given gifts, and indeed there is no tradition of exchanging gifts. Children's decorations are usually used as Thanksgiving decorations at home. But today Friday after Thanksgiving is a sign of the start of the shopping season that ends until the New Year where people start shopping on a large scale

In New York City, Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is held once a year every Thanksgiving in downtown Manhattan. The parade features vehicles decorated with interesting themes, decorated vehicles featuring television celebrities, scenes from Broadway musicals, big balloon-shaped cartoon characters, and public high school marching bands. The parade usually ends with an ornate vehicle boarded by Santa. That is to remind people that the Christmas shopping season has arrived.

Thanksgiving parade was also held in many other cities, like in Plymouth, Houston, Philadelphia (reputedly the oldest Thanksgiving parade), and Detroit which is the biggest parade of the year. In the New York metropolitan area, Stamford, Connecticut organizes Macy's march rivals using different large balloon characters.

Christmas shopping season according to the tradition of the United States begins the day after Thanksgiving. The shopping tradition the day after Thanksgiving has been started since the 1930s. Crowded Americans are looking for bargain items at discounted prices for the Christmas season. For shopping centers in America, the day after Thanksgiving is

Typical Kalimantan Musical Instruments

Changes in time from time to time cannot be denied indeed increasingly advanced and developing. The digital age "forces" us to glance at sophisticated gadgets and tools (tools) because it offers practicality in productivity with any purpose because it's easy, including musical instruments. Actually there is nothing wrong with all of that, but it would be nice if a traditional musical instrument that Indonesia has not to lose is consumed by the current era but must be preserved. Like this typical Kalimantan musical instrument, what is important to be known and also learned by the young generation of the nation. Do not just stay by name or even disappear altogether because it is only a legacy of "inheritance" without anyone learning or playing it again.

Typical Kalimantan musical instruments certainly become one of our pride of the Indonesian people, because it is part of history as well as the heritage of the ancestors. If we don't want our country's traditional tools to be taken by other countries, we must always look after them. Besides that, the form of our love for the motherland is one of them by knowing, keeping also learning everything that exists. Traditional musical instruments are even more beautiful when compared to modern / digital musical instruments. Moreover, we can combine with sounds produced by modern instruments. Surely the results will be much more beautiful, because it is a blend of harmonization of modern and traditional music.

Typical Kalimantan Musical Instruments

Here are 5 typical Kalimantan musical instruments that can be used as innovations to be combined with modern musical instruments that you can.

1. Kintung

This Kintung musical instrument is from South Kalimantan. The shape is almost similar to angklung and how to ring it by being hit. To adjust the sound of this kintung depends on the sharpness of each kintung. The higher the sharpener is made, the higher the sound of this instrument. But the handle for the handle becomes shorter. The handle usually uses two sections as a benchmark. The segment in the middle inside the two segments is cleaned and discarded to produce a beautiful sound. If we are creative, maybe we can try it at home.

2. Bumbung

This typical Kalimantan musical instrument is still based on the same material, bamboo. This type of musical instrument is often found in the Berikin village precisely in the Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency. The starch is glutinous rice that has been burned and is in the bamboo. That was the beginning of the process of naming a musical instrument in a bumbung. To produce sound, it uses two bamboo segments. This type of musical instrument can be changed so that it can produce 7 basic notes from a song.

3. Kalampat

Kalampat looks very similar to a drum. The way to play it is the same way by being hit, but the kalampat is hit with a bamboo stick. Material for making it uses large bamboo. It is used for a drum body that requires a diameter that must be large. Kalampat is usually played during bawanang, babalian ceremonies and medical ceremonies which contain mystical elements. It is only played to accompany certain events.

4. Panting

Typical Kalimantan musical instruments that are played by picking. The shape of a kind of Arabic gambus is important, but the size is smaller. Panting comes from the Banjar community, namely the people in South Kalimantan. This type of musical instrument is now very rarely found, the group that usually carries is already rare. A. Sarbaini is a person who is so famous as a great player.

5. Sampek / Sape '

Well, here it is a musical instrument that I refer to as one of the most popular musical instruments in Kalimantan. This one musical instrument is from East Kalimantan Province (sorry if wrong). How to play it is almost the same as painting, that is by picking. The material for making sampek is wood. Kalimantan produces a lot of good wood, so it's not surprising that the sapek produced will be good too. For sampek material, many use adau wood, marang wood, meranti wood and pelantan wood or the like.

Many of these musical instruments are owned by Kalimantan. What are you curious about? Or want to make it yourself? Whatever it is if our goal is to preserve traditional tools, I think that is more than enough as proof of our service and offerings for the homeland of Indonesia.

A Brief History of the Indonesian Nation Before Until Independence

As a good Indonesian citizen, it is fitting to know Indonesia's brief history. Based on existing history, Indonesia is a region inhabited by various types of ancient humans. Some ancient humans known to exist in Indonesia are Homo floresiensis and Pithecanthropus erectus. After the prehistoric period, the history of Indonesia can be seen from the records from China which contain information that the most powerful maritime kingdom in the past was the Kingdom of Srivijaya.

The kingdom that became the center in studying Buddhism has power in the Malacca Strait to the Sumatran sea since the 7th to 13th centuries. The Syailendra Dynasty from the Mataram Kingdom is known to have built Borobudur Temple located in Central Java. Borobudur Temple is known for its Buddhist architecture. Then followed by the construction of the Prambanan Temple by Raja Rakai Pikatan who was a descendant of Sanjaya. The Prambanan Temple was built in Hindu style.

Brief History of Indonesia to Freedom:

The next brief history of Indonesia was during the Majapahit Kingdom which succeeded in mastering the archipelago in 1294. Then, the religion of Islam began to enter and develop through trade activities. Until now, Islam is the religion of the majority of Indonesian people. Until now, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism developed in the homeland and influenced society in terms of culture and way of life. History continued when Marco Polo, a European national, first set foot on Sumatra.

The Spaniards and Portuguese were known to have mastered the islands known to have a great deal of spice. In 1596 the first time a Dutch ship docked in the sea of ​​West Java and began to stick its hagemonies. For more than 3 centuries, the Dutch colonized islands in the homeland until finally a government called the Dutch East Indies stood. Since then, there has been a rebellion by the Indonesian people to fight the invaders.

A brief history of the founding of the Indonesian nation also noted that Japan had invaded the Indonesian archipelago. After the "Great East Asia War", where the United States declared it would fight Japan on December 8, 1941 at the United States Defense Center named "Pearl Harbor". Furthermore, the Dutch East Indies government also joined the allies to declare war with the Japanese State. At first, Japan came to Indonesia to paralyze Dutch troops. Then Japan controlled various regions in Indonesia. Japan's territory became increasingly fierce when they succeeded in conquering Batavia (now Jakarta) on March 5, 1942. The Dutch, who were increasingly pressured by the Japanese attack, finally "surrendered unconditionally". Initially, Indonesian people responded well to the arrival of the Japanese military. This can be seen from the cooperative attitude of national figures such as Ir. Soekarno and also Moh Hatta.

At the beginning of a brief history of the birth of the Indonesian nation, the Japanese Government was seen as actively giving goodness to the people of Indonesia by forming various community organizations. Even though behind this kindness, Japan has an interest in Indonesia. Some organizations known to be made by the Japanese government are the People's Power Center (PUTERA), the Three A Movement, Seinendan, Jawa Hokokai, Fujinkai, Keibodan, MIAI, Heiho, and the Indonesian Independence Preparatory Business Investigation Agency (BPUPKI) which was formed in the Prime Minister's government Tojo in 1943.

BPUPKI was then dissolved and replaced with PPKI or Dokuritsu Junbi Inkai. PPKI is not an organization formed by Japan, but a committee that is formed based on the agreement and also the struggle of national stores that play a role in independence. Japan's defeat against America made this country increasingly cornered. Seeing this, the young generation of Indonesia took advantage of this opportunity to proclaim its independence on August 17, 1945. Thus a brief history of Indonesia, hopefully useful for you.

World Scouting history

Preliminary

If we study the history of our scouting education can not be separated from the biography of the founder of the world scouting movement Lord Robert Baden Powell of Gilwell.

This is due to the underlying his experience coaching youth in Britain. Teen coaching is then grow into the scouting movement.

Birth of the World Scout Movement began in 1907 when Robert Baden - Powell, a Lieutenant General of the Armed Forces of the United Kingdom, and William Alexander Smith, founder of the Boy's Brigade, held the first Scouting encampment at Brownsea Island, England. The idea to hold the movement arises when Baden-Powell and his men struggled to defend Mafeking Town, South Africa, from the Boer army attacks.

When the troops lost big in comparison Boer army. To outsmart, a group of youths formed and trained to be a volunteer army.

Their main task is to help the military defend the city. They get lighter tasks but important; for example, deliver the message given Baden-Powell to all members of the military in the city. They can finish the job so well that Baden-Powell troops can defend Mafeking city for several months. In recognition of the success they get, every member of the volunteer army was given a badge. Pictures of the badge is then used as the logo of the International Scout Movement.

The success of Baden-Powell defend Mafeking City makes it considered to be a hero. He later wrote a book entitled Aids to Scouting (written in 1899), and became the best-selling book at the time.

In 1906, Ernest Thompson Seton send Baden-Powell a book of his work entitled The birchbark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians. Seton, a British-Canadian descent living in the United States, often meeting with Baden-Powell and plan of a youth movement. His meeting with the Seton encouraged him to rewrite his book, Aids to Scouting, with the new version, entitled Boy's Patrols.

The book is intended as a guide for the youth scouting at the time. Then, to test his ideas, he held a camp for 21 young people from various walks of life for a full week, starting on August 1, on Brownsea island, England. Organization methods (now known as the system of patrol or patrol system in English) to be a key scouting training does. This system requires the youth to form small groups, then appoint one of them to be chairman of the group. After the book was published and the campsite does run successfully.

Baden-Powell went for a tour planned by Arthur Pearson to promote his ideas to the rest of the UK. From these thoughts, made a book called Scouting Boys, which is currently known as the guidebook Scouting (Boy Scout Handbook) first edition.

When Baden-Powell was expecting her book can provide new ideas for several organizations of youth who have been there. But that happens, some youths even formed a new organization and asked Baden-Powell became their mentor. He agreed and began to encourage them to learn and practice and develop the organization they founded. Along with the increasing number of members, Baden-Powell increasingly difficult to guide them; He needs an assistant to help him. Therefore, he plans to establish a leadership training center for adults (Adult Leadership Training Center).

In 1919, a park near London was purchased as a training location. He also wrote a new book called Aids to Scoutmastership and several other books which he then collected and put together in a book entitled Roverinng to Success for Rover Scouts in the Scout Movement 1922.Perkembangan shortly after the book Scouting For Boys published, Scouting began to be known in the whole Britain and Ireland. Own movement, slowly but surely, started to try and apply to all the British empire and its colonies .Unit scouting outside the British empire first recognized, established in Gilbraltar in 1908, which was followed by the establishment of another unit in Malta. Canada was the first British colony to get permission from the British empire to establish the Scout Movement, followed by Australia, New Zealand, and Africa Selatan.Chile is the first country outside the United Kingdom and colonies were formed Scout Movement.

The first Scout parade was held in Crystal Palace, London in 1910. The parade is of interest to people in the UK. No less than 10,000 young men and women interested in joining the scouting activities. In 1910 Argentina, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Singapore, Sweden, and the United States has recorded Scouting organization.

Since its establishment, the Scout Movement program focusing on adolescents aged 11-18 years had received an encouraging response, members increased rapidly. Any program needs by itself increases. To fulfill the wishes and interests of the younger generation at that time, Scout adds four programs within the organization to widen the scope of the membership of the Scout Movement. The fourth program include: Education Youths early age, Age Teen, Daughter Scouting education, and leadership training for coaches Program for idle class, Work Force unit, and enforcement / Pandega began compiled at the end of 1910 in several countries.

Sometimes, these activities only started activities at the local / branch that is managed on a small scale, then acclaimed and adopted by the National Kwartir. A similar case occurred in the establishment of the standby group in the United States, where the standby group program was started in 1911 at the Branch level, but has yet to gain recognition until 1930 since the initial establishment of the Scout Movement, the young women have signaled their interest in joining magnitude.

To accommodate these interests, Agnes Baden Powel- brother of the father of scouting worldwide, Robert Baden Powell, in 1910 was appointed President Organiasi Scout's first daughter. Agnes was originally named Rosebud organization, which later changed into Brownies (Girl Guide) in 1914 .Agnes resign from the presidency in 1917 and was replaced by Olave Baden Powell, wife of Lord Baden Powell. Agnes still served as vice president until he died at age 86 tahun.pada that time, scouting daughter has been positioned as a separate unit of scouting him, it should be done considering the current social norms are.

In the era of the 90s, Many scouting organizations in the world working together between the unit sons and daughters to provide early education for education kepanduan.Program builder held in London in 1910, and in Yorkshire in 1911. However, Baden Powell wants the education can be practiced as much as possible. This means that in every field of education necessary practices such as camping. It is guiding the formation Woodbadge courses. As a result of World War 1, woodbadge education for supervisors delayed until 1919. In that year, the first course was held at Gilwell Park woodbadge. At this time, the education of coaches has been diverse and has a wide coverage.

Some education is very well known for the builder, among others

a. Basic education, specific education group, until courses

b. Woodbadge

c. Scoutings Centenary • 5288 Comments / Trackbacks

History Of Scouting In Indonesia

History of Scouting in Indonesia could not be released with the history of the independence struggle of the nation of Indonesia. The idea of forming the Baden Powell Scouting quickly spread to various countries, including the Netherlands. In the country of Netherlands Scouting referred to as Padvinder. In the country of its possessions, including Indonesia, Netherlands founded the Scouting organization. In Indonesia, known by the term NIPV (Netherland Padvinder Indische Vereniging; Union Pandu Pandu-Netherlands). This organization is devoted to children Netherlands.

By figures Indonesian national movement formed scouting organization that aims to establish a good Indonesian man and became a national movement cadres. Hence then appears the indigenous scouting organizations which at that time amounted to more than a hundred organizations. The organizations such as; JPO (Javananse Padvinders Organizatie); JPP (Jong Java Padvinderij), SIAP (Sarekat Islam Afdeling Padvinderij); HW (Hisbul Wathon) etc.

History continues. Seeing the rise of indigenous-owned scouting organizations that have sprung up, the Dutch finally make regulations to prohibit the scouting organization outside the Netherlands belongs to use the term Padvinder. Because it was then KH. Agus Salim use the term "Scout" and the "Scouts".

Since 1930 raised awareness of Indonesian figures to unite the scouting organization. Then formed KBI (scouting Republic of Indonesia). KBI is a combination of scouting organizations such as IPO, PK (Pandu Empire), PPS (Pandu Youth Sumatra).

And in 1931 formed PAPI (Unity Inter-Pandu Pandu Indonesia), and then converted into BPPKI (Central Bureau of Scout Association of Indonesia) in 1938.

At the time of the Japanese occupation, scouting in Indonesia banned so many Scout leaders who entered Keibondan, Seinendan and PETA.

After independence formed a national scouting organization that Pandu Rakyat Indonesia, which was declared in Solo on December 28, 1945. Pandu Rakyat Indonesia became the only scouting organization in Indonesia at that time.

However, during leberalisme, re-emerging as scouting organizations; HW, SIAP, Pandu Indonesia, Christian Pandu, Pandu Ansor, KBI etc which amounted to hundreds more. Most of these organizations are gathered in the three federations, namely; IPINDO (Indonesian Scout Association, established on September 13, 1951), POPPINDO (Association of Indonesian Girl Scout Organization, established in 1954) and PKPI (Persatuan Kepanduan Putri Indonesia).

In 1953 IPINDO become successful members of scouting worldwide. On 10-20 August 1955 IPINDO also successfully organized the first National Jamboree in Pasar Minggu, Jakarta. While POPPINDO and PKPI been together welcome haven Lady Baden Powell (Baden Powell's wife) to Indonesia, on the way to Australia. In 1959, PKPI held a large camp for scouts daughter called "Clover Village" in Ciputat. This year also IPINDO send a contingent to the World Jamboree in MT. Makiling Philippines.

Aware of the weaknesses that exist, three federations were eventually merged into PERKINDO (Scout Association of Indonesia). But apparently Perkindo own less solid so try exploited by the communists in order to become the Young Pioneers movement as in other communist countries.

Beginning in the 1960s, various parties, including the government and the Assembly made various efforts to curb scouting organizations including efforts to establish the Scout Movement.

On Thursday evening of March 9, 1961 President collect figures and leaders of Indonesia scouting movement, held at the State Palace. President revealed that the existing scouting must be renewed, methods and educational activities to be replaced, the entire existing scouting organizations merged into one called Scout.

The President also pointed Scout Movement Formation Committee consisting of the lane IX, P and K Minister Prof. Prijono, Minister of Agriculture Dr.A. Aziz Saleh and the Minister of Transmigration, Cooperatives and Rural Community Development, Achmadi. This event is later referred to as the SCOUT MOVEMENT DAY SHOOTS.

The committee is then manages the Articles of Association of the Scout Movement, as Attachment Presidential Decree No. 238 of 1961, dated May 20, 1961 of the Scout Movement. Presidential Decree establishes the Scout Movement as the only organization that is assigned scouting scouting education for children and young people of Indonesia. These events are then referred to as THE BEGINNING OF WORK.

Presidential Decree No. 238 of 1961 is signed by the Prime Minister Ir. Juanda as Acting President As President, Ir. Sukarno when it was a visit to Japan.

On July 30, 1961, held at Senayan (Now Bung Karno Stadium), figures scouting organization in Indonesia which states willingly merged into the organization of the Scout Movement. This event is later referred to as the DAY PLEDGE SCOUT MOVEMENT.

On August 14, 1961, carried Inaugural Mapinas (National Leadership Council), Kwarnas and Kwarnari at the State Palace, followed conferment pennant procession Scouting and Scouting to introduce Scouting to the community, followed by about 10,000 Scouts. This event is later referred to as the SCOUT DAY is celebrated until now.

Mapinas was chaired by Dr. Ir. Soekarno (President) with Deputy Chairman of I, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX and Vice Chairman Brigadier General II Dr.A. Aziz Saleh. While Kwarnas, chaired by the lane IX and Brigadier General Dr.A. Aziz Saleh as Vice Chairman concurrently Chairman Kwarnari.

Scouting, Lithuania, Jews, Herzl, Lions, and Boden Powell

In 1908, Robert Baden-Powell, army officer, United Kingdom, published the book "Scouting for Boys". The book was published are so massive, and used as a guide for the Organization of the scouting movement in many countries, in accordance with a system of "Scouting" itself.

In Lithuania, just after the establishment of the State, a scouting group was formed under the auspices of the Government. The aim of Scouting in this country is to equip youths with a strong character, virtues, love of nature and to educate them as good citizens. At this time, Jewish children joined the Scout movement Lithuania, initially together with all their members, but later on they were in separate forces.

The Scout Movement "Hashomer Hatzair" was founded in Virbalen by the Director of the Jewish Gymnasium, Dr. Yakov Rabinson. He was one of the leaders of the Jewish settlement in Lithuania. At the same time, in the early twenties, scout troops were formed in Kaunas and extra Ponivich, and then in almost every city and settlement in Lithuania. Hebrew translation of the book "Scout" by Baden-Powell is used as an educational guide to the Hebrew army.

Also at Yurburg an organization founded Girl Scouts in the early twenties. During these days, one can see two young men, dressed in uniform khaki green Scouting, a whistle around his neck and a stick in their hands, walking through the streets of Yurburg. These kids amazed everyone who saw it because the dress is very unusual for that era. 

The second young man Menachem Pochrat and Dov Minzer. Menachem Pochrat, the elder, is a slender-bodied, serious, and seen as a thinker. Dov Minzer is the son of a very charming, a student from the Hebrew Gymnasium at Yurburg. Both are accompanied by other young kids, who also wear uniforms.

Scouts. Their appearance seemed strange, yet today it is referred to as the beginning of a change for the younger generation at Yurburg. 

In course of time, an apartment in the northern part of the city for rent. This hostel is located in a one-storey building, and consists of two rooms. 

The atmosphere in the dorm are supposedly very fun and very pastoral. Singing voices will always be heard. Dorm rooms are decorated and in the Center there is a big picture Baden Powell, Herzl, Trumpeldor. The dorm was usually quiet, clean and orderly. 

The Scouts at the headquarters is divided into three groups: the "Lions", the teenage Scouts and Girl Scouts.

"Lions" is a group for children aged 9-12. The name "Lions" refers to the "Judea as the son of the lion"--the name of with a nationalist meaning. A non-Jewish group called "little Wolf". Just like with mentions that there are at Hogwarts written JK Rowling in the Harry Potter series. 

In "Lions" group of children are not separated from the girls, they operate as a group and do all the events together. They learn to recognize the plants, birds and animals of the forest. When the "Lions" are in the camp, they taught a variety of techniques Scouts such as walking, climbing trees and made a bonfire. They also learn how to use a compass, look at the stars and the moon to find their way.

The leaders of the "Lions" teaching them to dress properly, be clean, polite and obedient. To expand their knowledge, "Lions" was informed of Eretz Yisrael in biblical times, about the historical heroes and heroes in a new country, such as a bomb, the guards, pioneer etc. 

After going through all that, "the Lions" will be the group with the term "Habirim" as a member of the clan of Hebrews wandered in the desert wilderness and conquering Eretz Yisrael. Israel is the land of ERETZ Yisrael. And it exists on the Earth.

The History of the Indonesian nation

The history of the birth of the nation of Indonesia is quite long and can not be separated from efforts Vereenigde Oost Indische Companie (VOC) which followed the Dutch Government to divide the people of the archipelago, through the wisdom of the population election. But the reaction of the people of the archipelago even want to come together and grouped on the basis of similarity: a residence, place of origin and religion. This is the spirit of unity in pluralism embryo is formed.

      Political Ethics in the European Movement held also in the archipelago with the intent to repay the people. Premises so people will easily set up by the Dutch. It turns out that this movement was welcomed by the movement and assisted by the rulers lokal.Para movement leaders and education efforts to establish schools for the pribumi.Boedi Utomo is the first indigenous community organization providing education to the natives. The natives became thirsty reading and science pengetahuan.Sastra West began diterjemahakan and published in Malay and Javanese who ultimately uplifting egaliter.Dari egalitarian evoke the spirit of national consciousness and politics, which later became a political movement that eventually Indonesia. Therefore, Ben Anderson argues that the nation state is an imagined community that is united.

Understanding State

      State according to Logemann is a community organization that aims to regulate power and organize a society. Furthermore, according to Max Weber State is a political structure that is governed by law, which includes a human community living in a particular region and considers the area concerned as belonging to them for shelter and livelihood (Naning, 1983: 3-4). There procurement and maintenance procedures regularity (law) for the life of them.There monopoly ownership and legitimate use of force fission (legitemasi). Thus the state is a tool of people to organize the relationship between humans and humans with the State. The existence of the State legitemasi, this organization can legally force powers against all the diversity in the community. There are three properties that is sovereignty. First, the nature of the force that the state has the power to use physical violence as a legitimate (legal) to be orderly and safe. Second, the nature of the monopoly that has the right and power of the country single in setting common goals of the community / nation. Third, the nature of covering all that is all legislation concerning everyone, both citizens and non-citizens.

      According to the Convention required Montevido 3 constitutive conditions. First there must be a region, which is an area that has been declared as belonging to the nation, and the boundaries set by international treaty. Secondly there must be people, ie people who inhabit the region and may consist of the various groups / social diversity; which must abide by the law and the legitimate government. Thirdly there must be a government, which is an organization that is entitled to organize and authority to formulate and implement laws that bind citizens.

      Furthermore, according to Prof. Dr. Sri Soemantri SH (Diknas, 2001: 50) can also be added there is recognition of the sovereignty of other countries. Sovereignty is an absolute element that must exist and is a characteristic that distinguishes between government organizations with prganisasi community / social. To be able to face the opponent, the state reserves the right to claim the loyalty of the citizens. Similarly, you can add any destination country express / implied by the constitution.

General Definition

            Country is a region on the surface of the earth that power both political, military, economic, social and cultural regulated by the government are in the region. The state also is an area that has a system or rules that apply to all individuals in the region, and stand independently.

            The primary requirement is to have a state of the people, has the region, and has a sovereign government. While the secondary requirement is received recognition from other countries.

Some understanding of the State by state experts:

George Jellinek: The state is the organization of the power of a group of people who inhabit a particular area.

GWF Hegel: The state is the organization of decency that appears as a synthesis of individual freedom and universal freedom.

Logeman: State is a community organization (bondage) whose objective was to set up and maintain a certain community with his power.

ORIGINS OF OCCURRENCE STATE HISTORICAL FACT BASED

Occupation (Occupatie)

      This occurs when an area that is not man's and yet mastered, then occupied and controlled. For example, Liberia occupied Negro slaves were freed in 1847.

Melting (fusion)

      This occurs when small countries that inhabit the region entered into an agreement to merge with each other or united into a new state. For example, the formation of the German Federation of 1871.

Submission (Cessie)

      This occurs when an area is handed over to other countries under a specific agreement. For example, Region Sleeswijk in World War I handed over by Austria to Prussia, (Germany).

Raising (Accesie)

      This occurs when a region formed by raising the Mud River or from the seabed (Delta). Later in the area inhabited by a group of people forming the state. For example, the Egyptian state region formed from the Nile Delta.

Announcements (Proclamation)

      This occurs because an area that was once a colony abandoned. So that residents of the area can be declared independence. For example, in Indonesia, which never left Japan because at that time the Japanese bombed by the Americans in the area of ​​Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Theories about the origin or the theory of state formation can be viewed from two aspects, namely the speculative theory and evolutionary theory.

1. The theory is speculative

      This theory includes theocratic theory, the theory of community agreements, and the theory of strength or power.

a. Theory Theocracy (divinity) according to the theory of divinity, everything in the world is the existence of the will Allohu glory to Him, so that the state is essentially rests on the will of God. Adherents of this theory is Fiedrich Julius stah, which states that the state grew gradually through a gradual process starting from the family into a nation.

b. The theory of public agreement. In this theory appears three most famous figures, namely Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and JJ Rousseau. According to this theory states that arise because of an agreement made between people who had been living free spirit, apart from each other without bonding state. This Agreement is held so that common interests can be maintained and guaranteed, so that "a person who is not a wild animal for others" (homo homini lupus, according to Hobbes).

c. Theory of power / strength. According to the theory of power / strength, the formation of the state based on the power / strength, for example melaluipendudukan and conquest. Judging from the theory of strength, the emergence of the first countries, or stems from the existence of several groups within a tribe, each headed by a chief (progenitor). Then the various groups living in a competition for land / territory, where they get food source. Further result they then attempt to beat a rival group.

Characteristically 2. Theory of Evolution

            The theory of evolution or historical theory is a theory which states that the institutions - social institutions are not made, but grow evolutionarily fit the needs - human needs. As a social institution that is intended to meet needs - human needs, the agency - the agency was not immune from the influence of the place, time, and demands - demands of the times. According to evolutionary theory is the country is historically-social (of the family into the country). Included in this theory is the theory of evolution, among others, the laws of nature. Based on the theory of natural law, the state occur naturally.

Element - the element of state formation

1. People are people who live in a country or become residents of a particular region. People defined as a group of people who are united by a sense of equality and equality and together occupy an area of ​​the country.

Understanding people with residents and citizens of different countries, and the other one is a concept that is similar but not identical.

People of a country divided into two, namely:

a. residents and non-residents. Residents are people who live or lived in a country, being a non-resident is a person who is in a region of a country and are not intended to stay or settle in the country.

b. citizens and non-citizens. Citizen is the person who is legally a member of a country, while not a citizen called foreigners or foreign nationals.

2. The area is a place where humans and also in the hold state government. Region is a room consisting of soil, land, water, air space and territorial exist thereon.

3. sovereign government

The government has sovereignty that is:

a. Original, sovereignty was not derived from any other higher power.

b. Permanent, it will exist as long as the sovereignty of the state is still standing. In a perpetual state sovereignty, because sovereignty will remain there even though his administration has changed.

c. Not divided, sovereignty is the only supreme power in the country.

d. Not limited to, sovereignty was not restricted by anyone.

4. Recognition of other countries

Recognition can be distinguished from other countries are de facto and de jure

a. The recognition of de facto recognition of the reality of a country that can make contact with other countries that recognize it.

b. De jure recognition is officially recognized by the law of another State with all its consequences.

New Year's Eve History

New Year's Day is observed on January 1, the first day of the year on the modern Gregorian calendar as well as the Julian calendar used in the Roman Empire since 45 BC. Romans originally dedicated New Year's Day to Janus, the god of gates, doors, and beginnings for whom the first month of the year (January) is named. Later, as a date in the Gregorian calendar of Christendom, New Year's Day liturgically marked the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ, and is still observed as such in the Anglican Church and Lutheran Church. In present day, with most countries now using the Gregorian calendar as their de facto calendar, New Year's Day is probably the world's most celebrated public holiday, often observed with fireworks at the stroke of midnight as the new year starts in each time zone.

History

In Christendom, under which the Gregorian Calendar developed, New Year's Day traditionally marks the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ, which is still observed as such by the Anglican Church and the Lutheran Church.

Mesopotamia (Iraq) created the concept of new year celebration 2000 BC.The Romans dedicated New Year's Day to Janus, the god of gates, doors, and beginnings for whom the first month of the year (January) is also named. After Julius Caesar reformed the calendar in 46 BC and was subsequently murdered, the Roman Senate voted to deify him on the 1st January 42 BC in honor of his life and his institution of the new rationalized calendar.The month originally owes its name to the deity Janus, who had two faces, one looking forward and the other looking backward. This suggests that New Year's celebrations are founded on pagan traditions. Some have suggested this occurred in 153 BC, when it was stipulated that the two annual consuls (after whose names the years were identified) entered into office on that day, though no consensus exists on the matter.  Dates in March, coinciding with the spring equinox, or commemorating the Annunciation of Jesus, along with a variety of Christian feast dates were used throughout the Middle Ages, though calendars often continued to display the months in columns running from January to December.

Among the 7th century pagans of Flanders and the Netherlands, it was the custom to exchange gifts at the New Year. This was a pagan custom deplored by Saint Eligius (died 659 or 660), who warned the Flemings and Dutchmen, "(Do not) make vetulas, [little figures of the Old Woman], little deer or iotticos or set tables [for the house-elf, compare Puck] at night or exchange New Year gifts or supply superfluous drinks [another Yule custom]." The quote is from the vita of Eligius written by his companion, Ouen.

Most countries in Western Europe officially adopted January 1 as New Year's Day somewhat before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. In England, until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1752, the first day of the new year was the Feast of the Annunciation on March 25, also called "Lady Day". The March 25 date was known as Annunciation Style; the January 1 date was known as Circumcision Style, because this was the date of the Feast of the Circumcision, considered to be the eighth day of Christ's life, counting from December 25 when his birth is celebrated. This day was christened as the beginning of the New Year by Pope Gregory as he designed the Liturgical Calendar.

New Year's Days in other calendars

In cultures which traditionally or currently use calendars other than the Gregorian, New Year's Day is often also an important celebration. Some countries concurrently use the Gregorian and another calendar. New Year's Day in the alternative calendar attracts alternative celebrations of that new year:

African

Ethiopian New Year called Enkutatash. It is celebrated on September 11 (September 12 in leap years). Ethiopia uses its own ancient calendar, which was based on the Julian calendar. The new year is the end of the summer rainy season.

The Odunde Festival is also called the "African New Year" is celebrated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States on the second Sunday of June. While the name was based on the Yoruba African culture, its celebration marks the largest African celebration in the world, which more or less was started by a local tradition.

East Asian

Cambodian New Year (Chaul Chnam Thmey) is celebrated on April 13 or April 14. There are three days for the Khmer New Year: the first day is called "Moha Songkran", the second is called "Virak Wanabat" and the final day is called "Virak Loeurng Sak". During these periods, Cambodians often go to pagoda or play traditional games. Phnom Penh is usually quiet during Khmer New Year as most of the Cambodians prefer spending it at their respective hometowns.

Chinese New Year is celebrated in many countries around the world. It is the first day of the lunar calendar and is corrected for the solar every three years. The holiday normally falls between January 20 and February 20. The holiday is celebrated with food, families, lucky money (usually in a red envelope), and many other red things for good luck. Lion and dragon dances, drums, fireworks, firecrackers, and other types of entertainment fill the streets on this day.
Japanese New Year is celebrated on January 1 because the Gregorian calendar is now used instead of the

Chinese calendar.

Korean New Year, called Seollal, is the first day of the lunar calendar. Koreans also celebrate solar New Year's Day on January 1 each year, following the Gregorian Calendar. People get a day off that day while they have a minimum of three days off on Lunar New Year. People celebrate New Year's Day by preparing food for the ancestors' spirits, visiting ancestors' graves, then playing Korean games such as Yutnol'i {say: yun-no-ree} with families. Young children give respect to their parents, grandparents, relatives, and other elders by bowing down in a traditional way and are given good wishes and some money by the elders. Families enjoy the new years also by counting down until 12:00 am, which would be New Year's Day.

Thai New Year is celebrated on April 13 or April 14 and is called Songkran in the local language. People usually come out to splash water on one another. The throwing of water originated as a blessing. By capturing the water after it had been poured over the Buddhas for cleansing and then using this "blessed" water to give good fortune to elders and family by gently pouring it on the shoulder.

Vietnam New Year (Tết Nguyên Đán or Tết), more commonly known by its shortened name Tết or "Vietnamese Lunar New Year", is the most important and popular holiday and festival in Vietnam, the holiday normally falls between 20 January and 20 February. It is the Vietnamese New Year marking the arrival of spring based on the Chinese calendar, a lunisolar calendar. The name Tết Nguyên Đán is Sino-Vietnamese for Feast of the First Morning, derived from the Hán nôm characters 節 元 旦.

European

In the Gwaun Valley, Pembrokeshire, Wales the new year is celebrated on January 13, based on the Julian calendar. See New Year celebrations in Gwaun Valley.

Middle Eastern

Hijri New Year in the Islamic culture is also known as Islamic new year (Arabic: رأس السنة الهجرية Ras as-Sanah al-Hijriyah) is the day that marks the beginning of a new Islamic calendar year. New Year moves from year to year because the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar. The first day of the year is observed on the first day of Muharram, the first month in the Islamic calendar.

Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. Nowruz has been celebrated for over 3,000 years by the related cultural continent. The holiday is also celebrated and observed by many parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in the Indian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals.

Rosh Hashanah in Israel, is celebrated by Jews both in Israel and throughout the world. The date is not set according to the Gregorian calendar, but it usually falls during August or September. The holiday is celebrated by special dinners and religious services. January 1, the New Year according to the Gregorian calendar, is not celebrated widely in Israel.

South Asian/India

Christians in India celebrate January 1 as the New Year according to the Gregorian calendar. Catholic Christians also celebrate January 1 as The Solemnity of Mary, the Mother of God, the liturgical feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Diwali related New Years celebrations include Marwari New Year and Gujrati New Year.

Indian New Year's days has several variations depending on the region and is based on the Hindu calendar.

Hindu In Hinduism, different regional cultures celebrate new year at different times of the year. In Assam, Bengal, Kerala, Nepal, Orissa, Punjab and Tamil Nadu, households celebrate the new year when the Sun enters Aries on the Hindu calendar. This is normally on April 14 or April 15, depending on the leap year. Elsewhere in northern/central India, the Vikram Samvat calendar is followed. According to that the new year day is the first day of the Chaitra Month, also known as Chaitra Shukla Pratipada or Gudi Padwa. This basically is the first month of the Hindu calendar, the first shukla paksha (fortnight) and the first day. This normally comes around March 23–24, mostly around the Spring Equinox in Gregorian Calendar. The new year is celebrated by paying respect to elders in the family and by seeking their blessings. They also exchange tokens of good wishes for a healthy and prosperous year ahead.

Malayalam New Year (Puthuvarsham) is celebrated either on the first day of the month of Medam in mid-April which is known as Vishu or the first day of the month of Chingam,in the Malayalam Calendar in mid-August according to another reckoning. Unlike most other calendar systems in India, the New Year's Day on the Malayalam Calendar is not based on any astronomical event. It is just the first day of the first of the twelve months on the Malayalam Calendar. The Malayalam Calendar (called Kollavarsham) originated in 825 CE, based on general agreement among scholars, with the re-opening of the city of Kollam (on Malabar Coast), which had been destroyed by a natural disaster.

Nepal Sambat is the Nepalese New Year celebration, which also coincides with the Diwali festival.

The Sikh New Year is celebrated as per the Nanakshahi calendar. The epoch of this calendar is the birth of the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak in 1469. New Year's Day falls annually on what is March 14 in the Gregorian Western calendar.

Sinhalese New Year is celebrated in Sri Lankan culture predominantly by the Sri Lankan Sinhalese, while the Tamil New Year on the same day is celebrated by Sri Lankan Tamils. The Sinhalese New Year (aluth avurudda), marks the end of harvest season, by the month of Bak (April) between April 13 and April 14. There is an astrologically generated time gap between the passing year and the New Year, which is based on the passing of the sun from the Meena Rashiya (House of Pisces) to the Mesha Rashiya (House of Aries) in the celestial sphere. The astrological time difference between the New Year and the passing year (nonagathe) is celebrated with several Buddhist rituals and customs that are to be concentrated on, which are exclusive of all types of 'work'. After Buddhist rituals and traditions are attended to, Sinhala and Tamil New Year-based social gatherings and festive parties with the aid of firecrackers, and fireworks would be organized. The exchange of gifts, cleanliness, the lighting of the oil lamp, making kiribath (Milk rice), and even the Asian Koel are significant aspects of the Sinhalese New Year.

Tamil New Year (Puthandu) is celebrated on April 13 or April 14. Traditionally, it is celebrated as Chiththirai Thirunaal in parts of Tamil Nadu to mark the event of the Sun entering Aries. Panchangam (almanac), is read in temples to mark the start of the Year.

Telugu New Year (Ugadi), Kannada New Year (Yugadi) is celebrated in March (generally), April (occasionally). Traditionally, it is celebrated as Chaitram Chaitra Shuddha Padyami in parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka to mark the event of New Year's Day for the people of the Deccan region of India. It falls on a different day every year because the Hindu calendar is a lunisolar calendar. The Saka calendar begins with the month of Chaitra (March–April) and Ugadi/Yugadi marks the first day of the new year. Chaitra is the first month in Panchanga which is the Indian calendar. Panchangam (almanac), is read in temples to mark the start of the Year.

Traditional and modern celebrations and customs

New Year's Eve

Sydney contributes to some of the major New Year celebrations each year.

January 1 represents the fresh start of a new year after a period of remembrance of the passing year, including on radio, television and in newspapers, which starts in early December in countries around the world. Publications have year-end articles that review the changes during the previous year. In some cases publications may set their entire year work alight in hope that the smoke emitted from the flame brings new life to the company. There are also articles on planned or expected changes in the coming year.

This day is traditionally a religious feast, but since the 1900s has also become an occasion to celebrate the night of December 31, called New Year's Eve. There are fireworks at midnight at the moment the new year arrives (the major one is in Sydney; watchnight services are also still observed by many.

Regional celebrations

In European countries, the New Year is greeted with private fireworks.

On New Year's Day, people in certain countries gather on beaches and run into the water to celebrate the new year. In Canada, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Netherlands this is very popular. These events are sometimes known as polar bear plunges, and are sometimes organized by groups to raise money for charity. Polar Bear Clubs in many Northern Hemisphere cities near bodies of water, have a tradition of holding organized plunges on New Year's Day.

National celebrations

Happy Christmas and New Year card

In the United Kingdom there are many celebrations across the towns and cities, particularly in Scotland.

In London, England, thousands gather along the Embankment on the River Thames to watch the fireworks around the London Eye. The New Year officially starts when Big Ben strikes twelve.

In Scotland, there are many special customs associated with the New Year. These are a part of the Scottish celebration Hogmanay, the Scots name for New Year's Eve. The famous street party in Princes Street in Edinburgh is one example.

In Wales, Calennig is celebrated, with celebrations attracting thousands of people in the capital, Cardiff.

In Greece and Cyprus, families and relatives switch off the lights at midnight, then celebrate by cutting the vassilopita (Basil's pie) which usually contains one coin or equivalent. Whoever wins expects luck for the whole year. After the pie, a traditional game of cards called triantaena  follows.

In Nassau, Bahamas, the Junkanoo parade takes place.

In the Philippines, New Year's is considered part of the Christmas holiday. Noise is made on New Year's Eve with firecrackers and horns (amongst other methods) to dispel evil spirits and to prevent them from bringing bad luck to the coming new year. Tables are laden with food for the Media Noche (midnight meal), and a basket of twelve, different round fruits is displayed to symbolise prosperity in each of the coming twelve months. Public New Year's parties are organised by city governments, and are very well-attended.

In Russia and the other 14 former republics of the Soviet Union, the celebration of Novi God is greeted by fireworks and drinking champagne. Because religion was suppressed in the Soviet Union the New Year holiday took on many attributes associated with Christmas in other countries, including Christmas trees, Ded Moroz (a variant of Santa Claus) and family celebrations with lavish food and gifts. In Moscow, the president of Russia counts down the final seconds of the "old year". The Kremlin's landmark Spassky Clock Tower chimes in the new year and then the anthem starts. It is customary to make a wish while the Clock chimes. The Old New Year is celebrated on January 13 (equivalent to January 1 in the "old style" Julian calendar. Although not an official holiday, it marks the end of the holiday season and is usually when people take down trees and other decorations.

In Davos, Switzerland, the final match of the Spengler Cup ice hockey Tournament is usually held on this day by tradition.

In the United States, it is traditional to spend this occasion together with loved ones. A toast is made to the new year, with kisses, fireworks and parties among the customs. It is popular to make a New Year's resolution, although that is optional. In the country's most famous New Year celebration in New York City, the 11,875-pound (5,386-kg), 12-foot-diameter (3.7-m) Times Square Ball located high above One Times Square is lowered starting at 11:59 pm, with a countdown from sixty seconds until one second, when it reaches the bottom of its tower. The arrival of the new year is announced at the stroke of midnight with fireworks, music and a live celebration that is broadcast worldwide.

In France, some regard the weather as the prediction of that year: wind blowing east, fruit will yield; wind blowing west, fish and livestock will be bumper; wind blowing south, there will be good weather all year round and wind blowing north, there will be crop failure. People would like to toast for the new year.

In Spain, it is customary to have 12 grapes at hand when the clock strikes 12 at midnight. One grape is eaten on each stroke. If all the grapes are eaten within the period of the strikes, it means good luck in the new year.

New Year's Day

The celebrations held world-wide on January 1 as part of New Year's Day commonly include the following:

Parades

American football: In the United States, January 1 is the traditional date for many post-season college football bowl games, which are usually accompanied by parades and other activities to celebrate the events

Football: In Europe, Association Football, where a Full Fixture programme[clarification needed] is usually played throughout the Premier League and the rest of the League/Non League system in England

Ice hockey, most famously the Winter Classic in North America, a National Hockey League game that is played outdoors

Concerts

Entertainment, usually enjoyed from the comfort of home

Family time

Traditional meals

Church services

An annual dip in ice-cold water by hearty individuals, most famously by members of the Polar Bear Club

New Year's babies

A common image used, often as an editorial cartoon, is that of an incarnation of Father Time (or the "Old Year") wearing a sash across his chest with the previous year printed on it passing on his duties to the Baby New Year (or the "New Year"), an infant wearing a sash with the new year printed on it.

Babies born on New Year's Day are commonly called New Year babies. Hospitals, such as the Dyersburg Regional Medical Center in the US, give out prizes to the first baby born in that hospital in the new year. These prizes are often donated by local businesses. Prizes may include various baby-related items such as baby formula, baby blankets, diapers, and gift certificates to stores which specialize in baby-related merchandise.