Role of Education in Development

Education has the task to transform and prepare the human resources development. Pace of development is always sought in tune with the demands of the times. Development of the age always raises new issues that have never thought about before. This chapter will examine the main problems of education, and the interplay between the principal serve targeted, the factors influencing the development and actual problems and ways to overcome it.

What happens if the development in Indonesia is not accompanied by the development in education?. Although his physical development is good, but what’s the point when the nation’s moral decline. If this happens, the economy would be problematic, because each person will be corruption. So sooner or later will come the day when the state and the nation is destroyed. Therefore, for prevention, education must be one of the priorities in the development of the country.

Government Education Problems and Solutions

Regarding the problem of education, the attention of our government still feels very minimal. The picture is reflected in the diversity of an increasingly complex educational problems. The quality of students is still low, less professional instructors, cost of education is expensive, even chaotic rule of the Education Act. The impact of poor education, the future of our country getting worse. This downturn may also result from an average size of budget allocations for education both at the national, provincial, and city and county.

Solving the problems of education should not be done separately, but must be taken measures or actions that are comprehensive. That is, we not only pay attention to the increase in expenditure. Because it’s useless, if the quality of human resources and quality of education in Indonesia is still low. Problems organizing Nine-year Compulsory Education is actually still a big homework for us. The fact that we can see that many in the periphery areas that do not have adequate educational facilities. With the abandonment of the nine-year compulsory education program resulted in Indonesia’s children are still many who drop out of school before completing their nine-year compulsory education. Under these conditions, when no significant change in policy, it is difficult for this nation out of the educational problems that exist, let alone survive in the competition in the global era.

Ideal conditions in the field of education in Indonesia is that every child can go to school at least until the high school level regardless of their status because that is their right. But it is very difficult to realize at this time. Therefore, at least everyone has the same opportunity to get an education. If you look at the above problems, there was an inequality between the rich and the poor. Seemed to belong only to the rich school just so that people who lack feel inferior to school and hang out with them. Plus publication of the school about scholarships is severely limited.

Free schools in Indonesia should have adequate facilities, competent faculty, appropriate curriculum, and has the administrative and bureaucratic system is good and straightforward. However, in reality, free schools are schools located in remote areas of slums and everything was not able to support the school bench which raised the question, “Is the school for free? If yes, yes fair because it is very worrying.Role of Education in Development

Education has the task to transform and prepare the human resources development. Pace of development is always sought in tune with the demands of the times. Development of the age always raises new issues that have never thought about before. This chapter will examine the main problems of education, and the interplay between the principal serve targeted, the factors influencing the development and actual problems and ways to overcome it.

What happens if the development in Indonesia is not accompanied by the development in education?. Although his physical development is good, but what’s the point when the nation’s moral decline. If this happens, the economy would be problematic, because each person will be corruption. So sooner or later will come the day when the state and the nation is destroyed. Therefore, for prevention, education must be one of the priorities in the development of the country.

Government Education Problems and Solutions

Regarding the problem of education, the attention of our government still feels very minimal. The picture is reflected in the diversity of an increasingly complex educational problems. The quality of students is still low, less professional instructors, cost of education is expensive, even chaotic rule of the Education Act. The impact of poor education, the future of our country getting worse. This downturn may also result from an average size of budget allocations for education both at the national, provincial, and city and county.

Solving the problems of education should not be done separately, but must be taken measures or actions that are comprehensive. That is, we not only pay attention to the increase in expenditure. Because it’s useless, if the quality of human resources and quality of education in Indonesia is still low. Problems organizing Nine-year Compulsory Education is actually still a big homework for us. The fact that we can see that many in the periphery areas that do not have adequate educational facilities. With the abandonment of the nine-year compulsory education program resulted in Indonesia’s children are still many who drop out of school before completing their nine-year compulsory education. Under these conditions, when no significant change in policy, it is difficult for this nation out of the educational problems that exist, let alone survive in the competition in the global era.

Ideal conditions in the field of education in Indonesia is that every child can go to school at least until the high school level regardless of their status because that is their right. But it is very difficult to realize at this time. Therefore, at least everyone has the same opportunity to get an education. If you look at the above problems, there was an inequality between the rich and the poor. Seemed to belong only to the rich school just so that people who lack feel inferior to school and hang out with them. Plus publication of the school about scholarships is severely limited.

Free schools in Indonesia should have adequate facilities, competent faculty, appropriate curriculum, and has the administrative and bureaucratic system is good and straightforward. However, in reality, free schools are schools located in remote areas of slums and everything was not able to support the school bench which raised the question, “Is the school for free? If yes, yes fair because it is very worrying.

The History of the Indonesian nation

The history of the birth of the nation of Indonesia is quite long and can not be separated from efforts Vereenigde Oost Indische Companie (VOC) which followed the Dutch Government to divide the people of the archipelago, through the wisdom of the population election. But the reaction of the people of the archipelago even want to come together and grouped on the basis of similarity: a residence, place of origin and religion. This is the spirit of unity in pluralism embryo is formed.

      Political Ethics in the European Movement held also in the archipelago with the intent to repay the people. Premises so people will easily set up by the Dutch. It turns out that this movement was welcomed by the movement and assisted by the rulers lokal.Para movement leaders and education efforts to establish schools for the pribumi.Boedi Utomo is the first indigenous community organization providing education to the natives. The natives became thirsty reading and science pengetahuan.Sastra West began diterjemahakan and published in Malay and Javanese who ultimately uplifting egaliter.Dari egalitarian evoke the spirit of national consciousness and politics, which later became a political movement that eventually Indonesia. Therefore, Ben Anderson argues that the nation state is an imagined community that is united.

Understanding State

      State according to Logemann is a community organization that aims to regulate power and organize a society. Furthermore, according to Max Weber State is a political structure that is governed by law, which includes a human community living in a particular region and considers the area concerned as belonging to them for shelter and livelihood (Naning, 1983: 3-4). There procurement and maintenance procedures regularity (law) for the life of them.There monopoly ownership and legitimate use of force fission (legitemasi). Thus the state is a tool of people to organize the relationship between humans and humans with the State. The existence of the State legitemasi, this organization can legally force powers against all the diversity in the community. There are three properties that is sovereignty. First, the nature of the force that the state has the power to use physical violence as a legitimate (legal) to be orderly and safe. Second, the nature of the monopoly that has the right and power of the country single in setting common goals of the community / nation. Third, the nature of covering all that is all legislation concerning everyone, both citizens and non-citizens.

      According to the Convention required Montevido 3 constitutive conditions. First there must be a region, which is an area that has been declared as belonging to the nation, and the boundaries set by international treaty. Secondly there must be people, ie people who inhabit the region and may consist of the various groups / social diversity; which must abide by the law and the legitimate government. Thirdly there must be a government, which is an organization that is entitled to organize and authority to formulate and implement laws that bind citizens.

      Furthermore, according to Prof. Dr. Sri Soemantri SH (Diknas, 2001: 50) can also be added there is recognition of the sovereignty of other countries. Sovereignty is an absolute element that must exist and is a characteristic that distinguishes between government organizations with prganisasi community / social. To be able to face the opponent, the state reserves the right to claim the loyalty of the citizens. Similarly, you can add any destination country express / implied by the constitution.

General Definition

            Country is a region on the surface of the earth that power both political, military, economic, social and cultural regulated by the government are in the region. The state also is an area that has a system or rules that apply to all individuals in the region, and stand independently.

            The primary requirement is to have a state of the people, has the region, and has a sovereign government. While the secondary requirement is received recognition from other countries.

Some understanding of the State by state experts:

George Jellinek: The state is the organization of the power of a group of people who inhabit a particular area.

GWF Hegel: The state is the organization of decency that appears as a synthesis of individual freedom and universal freedom.

Logeman: State is a community organization (bondage) whose objective was to set up and maintain a certain community with his power.

ORIGINS OF OCCURRENCE STATE HISTORICAL FACT BASED

Occupation (Occupatie)

      This occurs when an area that is not man's and yet mastered, then occupied and controlled. For example, Liberia occupied Negro slaves were freed in 1847.

Melting (fusion)

      This occurs when small countries that inhabit the region entered into an agreement to merge with each other or united into a new state. For example, the formation of the German Federation of 1871.

Submission (Cessie)

      This occurs when an area is handed over to other countries under a specific agreement. For example, Region Sleeswijk in World War I handed over by Austria to Prussia, (Germany).

Raising (Accesie)

      This occurs when a region formed by raising the Mud River or from the seabed (Delta). Later in the area inhabited by a group of people forming the state. For example, the Egyptian state region formed from the Nile Delta.

Announcements (Proclamation)

      This occurs because an area that was once a colony abandoned. So that residents of the area can be declared independence. For example, in Indonesia, which never left Japan because at that time the Japanese bombed by the Americans in the area of ​​Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Theories about the origin or the theory of state formation can be viewed from two aspects, namely the speculative theory and evolutionary theory.

1. The theory is speculative

      This theory includes theocratic theory, the theory of community agreements, and the theory of strength or power.

a. Theory Theocracy (divinity) according to the theory of divinity, everything in the world is the existence of the will Allohu glory to Him, so that the state is essentially rests on the will of God. Adherents of this theory is Fiedrich Julius stah, which states that the state grew gradually through a gradual process starting from the family into a nation.

b. The theory of public agreement. In this theory appears three most famous figures, namely Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and JJ Rousseau. According to this theory states that arise because of an agreement made between people who had been living free spirit, apart from each other without bonding state. This Agreement is held so that common interests can be maintained and guaranteed, so that "a person who is not a wild animal for others" (homo homini lupus, according to Hobbes).

c. Theory of power / strength. According to the theory of power / strength, the formation of the state based on the power / strength, for example melaluipendudukan and conquest. Judging from the theory of strength, the emergence of the first countries, or stems from the existence of several groups within a tribe, each headed by a chief (progenitor). Then the various groups living in a competition for land / territory, where they get food source. Further result they then attempt to beat a rival group.

Characteristically 2. Theory of Evolution

            The theory of evolution or historical theory is a theory which states that the institutions - social institutions are not made, but grow evolutionarily fit the needs - human needs. As a social institution that is intended to meet needs - human needs, the agency - the agency was not immune from the influence of the place, time, and demands - demands of the times. According to evolutionary theory is the country is historically-social (of the family into the country). Included in this theory is the theory of evolution, among others, the laws of nature. Based on the theory of natural law, the state occur naturally.

Element - the element of state formation

1. People are people who live in a country or become residents of a particular region. People defined as a group of people who are united by a sense of equality and equality and together occupy an area of ​​the country.

Understanding people with residents and citizens of different countries, and the other one is a concept that is similar but not identical.

People of a country divided into two, namely:

a. residents and non-residents. Residents are people who live or lived in a country, being a non-resident is a person who is in a region of a country and are not intended to stay or settle in the country.

b. citizens and non-citizens. Citizen is the person who is legally a member of a country, while not a citizen called foreigners or foreign nationals.

2. The area is a place where humans and also in the hold state government. Region is a room consisting of soil, land, water, air space and territorial exist thereon.

3. sovereign government

The government has sovereignty that is:

a. Original, sovereignty was not derived from any other higher power.

b. Permanent, it will exist as long as the sovereignty of the state is still standing. In a perpetual state sovereignty, because sovereignty will remain there even though his administration has changed.

c. Not divided, sovereignty is the only supreme power in the country.

d. Not limited to, sovereignty was not restricted by anyone.

4. Recognition of other countries

Recognition can be distinguished from other countries are de facto and de jure

a. The recognition of de facto recognition of the reality of a country that can make contact with other countries that recognize it.

b. De jure recognition is officially recognized by the law of another State with all its consequences.

What Citizens of The Republic Of Indonesia

Citizens are defined as those who are part of a population into state elements. The term citizen more in line with its position as a free man than the term slave or servant of the State. because it implies citizen participants, members, or citizens of a country, which participants of a partnership established with the joint force. To that end, every citizen has equal rights before the law. All citizens have the rights, privacy, and responsibility. 

Understanding citizen, According to: 

• A.S. Hikam: Defines that the citizen is a translation of "citizenship" is a member of a community that shapes the country itself. The term is thought to be better than the state subjects more meaningful term object means that the people who owned and devoted to their owners. 

• Koerniatmanto S: Defining the member states citizens. As a member state, a citizen has the special position of the country. He has a relationship of rights and obligations which are reciprocal - turning against his country. 

• Law No. 62 in 1958: states that Indonesia is a republic country people - people who by law - laws and or agreements - agreements and or regulations - regulations since the proclamation of 17 August 1945 have become citizens of the republic of Indonesia. 

So of the three citizens above opinion can be summed up as a community to form itself states that under the domestic laws - laws or treaties - treaties and have the rights and obligations of the relationship reciprocal. 

Criteria for Becoming Citizens: 

To determine who the citizens, used two criteria: 

Criterion birth. Based on this criterion is divided into two, namely: 

- Criterion of birth according to the principle of fatherhood mother also called Ius Sanguine. In this principle acquire a citizenship of a State based on the nationality of his parents hope, wherever he was born 

- Criterion of birth according to the principle of ius soli or place of birth. In principle this person obtains citizenship by Country place where he was born, even though the parents are not nationals of that State. 

- Naturalized or naturalization, is a legal process that causes a person to certain terms have the citizenship of other countries. 

1. Any person who by legislation and / or the Government of the Republic of Indonesia based on agreements with other countries before this Act applies is already a citizen of Indonesia 
2. Children born of the legitimate marriage of a father and mother Indonesian citizen 
3. Children born of the legitimate marriage of an Indonesian citizen father and mother of foreign nationals 
4. Children born of the legitimate marriage of a foreign national father and mother Indonesian citizen 
5. Children born of the legitimate marriage of an Indonesian citizen mother, but his father did not have legal citizenship or country of origin of his father did not give citizenship to the child 
6. Children born within a period of 300 (three hundred) days after his father died of a legal marriage and his Indonesian citizen 
7. Children born outside of legal marriage from an Indonesian citizen mother 
8. Children born outside of legal marriage of a foreign citizen mother recognized by an Indonesian citizen father as a child and recognition is done before the children were aged 18 (eighteen) years or unmarried 
9. Children born in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia which is not obvious at birth father and his mother's citizenship status 
10. Newborn child found in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia for the father and mother are unknown 
11. Children born in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia if the father and mother do not have citizenship or not known to exist 
12. Children born outside the territory of the Republic of Indonesia from a father and mother Indonesian citizen because of the provisions of the country where the child was born giving citizenship to the child's 
13. Son of a father or mother who has been granted citizenship application, then the father or the mother dies before the oath or pledge of allegiance states. 

Citizenship is membership of a person in control of a particular political unit (in particular: state) which carries with it the right to participate in political activities. A person with such a membership called citizens. A citizen has the right to have a passport from a country that dianggotainya. 

Citizenship is part of the concept of citizenship (English: citizenship). Within this sense, the citizens of a city or county referred to as citizens or citizens of the district, because they are also a political unit. In regional autonomy, citizenship is becoming important, because each political unit will entitle the holder (usually social) different for its citizens.

Citizenship has similarities with nationality (English) The difference is that the rights to be active in politics. It is possible to have a nationality without being a citizen (ie, the law is the subject of a country and is entitled to protection without having the right to participate in politics). It is also possible to have political rights without being a national of a member state. 

Under the social contract theory, citizenship status has implications for the rights and obligations. In the philosophy of "active citizenship", a citizen is required to contribute to the improvement of the community through its ability of economic participation, public service, volunteer work, and other similar activities to improve the livelihoods of its people. Of the rationale appears Citizenship subjects (English: Civics) given in schools.

Expert view on Understanding Citizenship Education 

Civic education is actually done and developed throughout the world, although with different terms or names. The subject is often referred to as civic education, Citizenship Education, and some even call it a democrcy education. But in general, the expert opinion has the same intent and purpose. 

Some views of the experts on citizenship education is as follows [1] [2]: 

1. Henry Randall Waite in magazine publishing Citizendan Civics, in 1886, formulated by the sciens Civics understanding of citizenship, the relations of man, the individual, to the man in organized collections, the individual in his relations to the state. From these definitions, formulated Civics Civic Studies discussing the human relationship with the man in the organized gatherings (social organization, economy, politics) and between individuals and the state. 
2. Stanley E. Dimond found civics is citizenship has two meanings in school activities. The first, including citizenship status related to a legitimate law. Secondly, political activities and election by a majority vote, government organizations, government agencies, law, and responsibility 
3. Edmonson (1958) suggested that the study of civics is related to the government and that the rights and obligations of citizens. 
4. According Merphin Panjaitan, Citizenship Education is democratic education which aims to educate young people to become citizens through a democratic and participatory education dialogial. While Soedijarto Citizenship Education defines as political education which aims to help learners to be citizens who are politically mature and participating in the development of a democratic political system 
5. According to Muhammad Numan Soemantri, characterized by the following characteristics: a. Civic Education is a program of activities that include the whole school; b. Civic Education covers a wide range of teaching activities that can live and grow better behavior in democratic societies; c. in Civic Education also includes matters relating to experience, public, private and objectively to the terms of statehood 
6. According to Azyumardi Azra, civic education, civics education developed into a substantive citizenship education not only educate young people to become citizens who are intelligent and aware of their rights and obligations in the context of social life and state, but also the readiness of citizens to build global citizenship , global society. 
7. Soedijarto Citizenship Education defines as political education which aims to help learners to be citizens who are politically mature and participating in the development of a democratic political system. 

From these definitions, further reinforce the sense of civic education (Civics) because the material includes the positive effect of education in the school, home education, and education outside of school. These elements should be considered in preparing the Civic Education program is expected to help the learners (students) to:

• Know, understand and appreciate our national goals. 
• Can make smart decisions and are responsible for a wide range of issues, such as personal, community and country. 

Thus, citizenship education (civic education) is the education program that includes a discussion of the problems of nationality, citizenship in relation Essence civic education is a conscious and deliberate effort to educating the nation for citizens to foster identity and moral foundation of the nation as the implementation of rights and obligations in defending the country, for the sake of continuity of life and the glory of the nation and the state. Citizenship education is a subject that aims to make students as good citizens or often called to be good citizenship, ie, people who have good intellect intellectual, emotional, 

Social and spiritual, have a sense of pride and responsibility, and are able to participate in social life and state that a growing sense of nationalism and patriotism. 

In terms Civics Education by most experts translated into Indonesian into Civics and Citizenship Education. The term is represented by the Citizenship Education Azyumardi Azra and Tim ICCE (Indonesian Center for Civic Education) UIN Jakarta as Civics Education Development in Higher Education first. While the term is represented by the Citizenship Education Zemroni, Muhammad Numan Soemantri, Udin S. Winataputra and Tim CICED (Indonesian Center for Civics Education), Merphin Panjaitan, Soedijarto and other experts. [2] [3] 

Citizenship education is getting momentum in the 1990s with a different understanding. For some experts, Citizenship Education identified with the Democracy Education (democracy Education), Education on Human Rights (human rights education) and Citizenship Education (citizenship education). According to Azra, Democratic Education (Education democracy) involves substantive socialization, dissemination and actualization of concepts, systems, values​​, culture and practice of democracy through education. Still according to Azra, Citizenship Education is education a broader scope of education for democracy and human rights education. Because, Citizenship Education includes a review and discussion of the government, constitution, democratic institutions, rule of law, the rights and obligations of citizens, the democratic process, active participation and involvement of citizens in civil society, institutions and knowledge of the system contained in government, political heritage, public administration and the legal system, knowledge of processes such as active citizenship, critical reflection, inquiry and cooperation, social justice, intercultural understanding and conservation of the environment and human rights. 

While Zamroni argues that Citizenship Education is democratic education that aims to prepare citizens to think critically and act democratically, through activity awareness to instill a new generation that democracy is the best form of public life that guarantees the rights of citizens. 

Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia 

An Indonesian Citizen (WNI) is one that is recognized by law as a citizen of the Republic of Indonesia. This person will be given identity cards by district or (especially Jakarta) Province, where he was listed as a resident / citizen. This person will be given a unique identity number (Identity Number, NIK) when he was 17 years old and registered at government offices. Passport granted by the state to its citizens as proof of identity is concerned in the international legal order. 

Indonesian citizenship is also obtained for a person who is included in the following situations: 

Children who are under 18 years of age or unmarried, and are residing in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia, the father or mother to obtain Indonesian citizenship 

Children of foreign citizens who have a five year old child who is legally appointed by court order as a child by an Indonesian citizen 

In addition to the acquisition of citizenship status as mentioned above, it is also possible the acquisition of citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia through the naturalization process. Foreign nationals who are legally married to an Indonesian citizen and have lived in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia at least five consecutive years or ten years in a row can not be made ​​the remarks become citizens before the competent authority, provided it does not lead to dual citizenship. 

Different from previous Citizenship Act, Citizenship Act of 2006 allows two citizens limited basis, ie for children aged up to 18 years old and not married to that age. Further guidance on this is included in the Government Regulation no. 2 in 2007. 

Of the Act is seen that the principle of the Republic of Indonesia adheres to the principle of ius sanguinis citizenship; coupled with limited ius soli (see points 8-10) and dual citizenship is limited (11 points). 

Rights and Duties of Citizens

The right is the right thing, belongs, belonging, authority, power to do sesuatu.Setiap citizens have the same rights to each other without exception. Similarities between humans always upheld to avoid any jealousy that may lead to various problems in later hari.Namun usually for those who have lots of money or tajir may have additional rights and obligations as citizens of the reduction of the unitary state of Indonesia. 

According to Prof. Dr. Notonagoro: 

The right is the power to accept or perform a proper received or made ​​solely by certain parties and not by any other party which in principle can be prosecuted by force by her .. 

Here's an example of rights as citizens: 

1. Every citizen is entitled to legal protection. The point is that every citizen of the same rank in the eyes of the law, even though the poor and neglected children are also protected by the state 
2. Every citizen has the right to work and decent living , Every citizen is entitled to the work as stated in Article 23 paragraph (1) determine the "every person has the right to work are entitled to free choice of employment, is entitled to the terms of fair labor and good and to protection against unemployment. 
3. Every citizen has an equal footing in the eyes of the law and in government. Contained in Article 27 (1) states the equality of citizens before the law and rule without exception. This article shows our concern for human rights as well the balance between the rights and obligations of passage and no discrimination among citizens. 
4. Every citizen is free to choose, embrace and practice the religion and beliefs of each believed. Article 29 (1), (2) of the 1945 Constitution set of religious freedom in Indonesia. The right to religious freedom is not giving the State or class but by faith so that can not be enforced. 
5. Every citizen has the right to education and teaching. Contained in article 31 (1), (2) of the 1945 Constitution, the State is in accordance with the purpose of opening kta in 1945 that Indonesia among others obliged the intellectual life of the nation. 
6. Every citizen is entitled to maintain the unity of the Indonesian territory or Homeland from enemy attack Article 30 (1) UUD 1945 keewajiban states and the right of every citizen to participate in the defense of the state enterprises and (2) further states that the arrangements made ​​by the law. The law is meant is Law No. 20 1982. 
7. Every citizen has the same rights in freedom of association, assembly issued an opinion orally and in writing in accordance applicable laws. 

Article 28 UUD 1945 establishes the rights of citizens and residents gathered for the association of passage, removing thoughts orally and in writing, and so on. Its terms will be governed by law. 

Obligations as a citizen of Indonesia

citizen obligation expressed in article 30 of the 1945 Constitution has been included in the liability Understanding the 1945 Constitution article 26, 27, 28, and 30, as follows. 

1. Article 26, paragraph (1), who become citizens are the native people of Indonesia and the people of other nations who passed the law as citizens. And in paragraph (2), the terms of citizenship  reserved. 
2. of Article 27, paragraph (1), along with all citizens equal before the law and administration, must uphold the law and government, with no exceptions. In paragraph (2), but and every citizen has the right to work and decent living for humanity. 
3. Article 28, freedom of association and assembly, issued both verbally, and so on are set by law. 
4. of Article 30, paragraph (1), the rights and obligations of citizens to participate in the defense of the country. And (2) states further regulation is set by law. 

Every citizen has the same rights and obligations to each other without exception. Rights and obligations of this is something that can not be separated, but often there is a conflict because the rights and obligations of balance. It's very clear that every citizen has the right and obligation to earn a decent living, but in reality many citizens who do not live their lives in a welfare sense. To achieve a balance between rights and obligations, that is by knowing the position of ourselves. As a citizen should know their rights and obligations. As already stated in the laws and rules that apply. If the rights and obligations of a balanced and fulfilled, then the society will be safe prosperous. However, until now there are many people who do not get their rights so that people can not meet their obligations as citizens. 

Examples obligation Indonesian citizen

1. 1 Every citizen has a duty to participate in the defense, defending the sovereignty of Indonesia country from enemy attack 
2. Every citizen must pay taxes and fees set by the central government and local governments (LGs) 
3. Every citizen is obliged to obey and uphold the basic state, law and government without exception, and run with the best 
4. Every citizen is obliged to obey, submit and adhere to all applicable laws in the territory of Indonesia 
5. Every citizen is obliged to participate in the development of the nation in order to build our nation can develop and progress toward a better 

Every citizen has the same rights and obligations but did not materialize well because there is still debate which should take precedence if prior obligations or rights to be realized first. 

Often we hear the words of the term resident "Native and Non-Native", which can divide the unity of the nation. Under article 26 UUD 1945, is it appropriate issue raised, who is meant citizens and residents? How do you as a student respond? 

Is one thing that is quite sad that in the days of air-civilized man and 

in the country based on Pancasila, still not a few people who believe 

racist. And if such racist views is allowed control of the archipelago, the nation will be destroyed the unity of Indonesia.

The Collapse of the Theory of the State

The Collapse of the Theory of the State

1. Organic Theory: State likened to an organism that covered the development of the law of life. 
2. Anarchic Theory: the State is a form of governance that is only suitable for forced primitive society. At the time the State would disappear, a society without coercion and without the State. 

The way to eliminate it:
a) With violence (revolution): Proudhon, Kropatkin, Bakunin.
b) With the education and evolution: Leo Tolstoy.

1. Marxist Theory : The state will eventually disappear by itself, if the conditions for life no longer exists. 
2. Other Theories Regarding the disappearance of the State

a) Due to natural factors: The country that was already established as a natural factor and vanished / disappeared. 

For example: 

1 volcano erupts. 

2. Island swallowed sea water. 

b) Due to social factors: The state already recognized standing and other countries, but because of social factors and vanished. 

c) Since the conquest. 

d) A revolution. 

e) The existence of agreements. 

f) The incorporation.

The Origin of The Formation of the State

Country of Origin Occurrence Facts And Theoretical 

Origin of the state is divided into 2 In the Primary or the origin of the state based on the theoretical approach and In Secondary or origin of the state based on the facts. 

In Primary 

The occurrence of the state is the primary stages, starting from the simplest legal community, and then evolved to the level of the more advanced and not associated with the pre-existing state. Thus the state is the primary basis to discuss the origin of the first countries in the world. 

According to G. Jellinek, the state primarily through four phases (Phase), namely: 

• Phase Guild humans. 

• Phase kingdom. 

• Phase State. 

• Phase democratic State and Dictatorship

Stages of the State: 

Genoot Schaft (Tribe) 

There is a term that means the Primus interpares primary among others. 

Rijk / Reich (Empire) 

Here comes the awareness of property rights and land rights. 

Staat 

Awareness of the need for democracy and popular sovereignty. 

The dictatorship Natie 

Government led by a choice of the people who then ruled unanimously 

In Secondary 

The occurrence of the secondary states are discussing the new state associated with other countries that have been there before, in this regard, the recognition of other countries in the secondary theory is an important element of the establishment of a new country. 

To determine the occurrence of new states can use factual approach is an approach that is based on reality and experience the history that actually happened. 

According to historical fact, the occurrence of a state because:

a. Invasion / occupation (Occupasi). 

An area no later occupied by the master of a nation. Examples: Liberia occupied negro slaves who were freed in 1847. 

b. Relief (Proclamation). 

An area of particular countries, including district and state independence escape. Example: Belgian escape from the Dutch in 1839, Indonesia in 1945, Pakistan in 1947 (the provinces of Hindustan), Bangladesh in 1971 (the territory of Pakistan), 1975 Papua New Guinea (the territory of Australia), three Baltic countries (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania ) escapes from the Soviet Union in 1991, etc.

c. Melting into one (fusion). 

Some countries have melting into one new country. Example: The Government of Germany (1871), Vietnam (1975), Germany (1990), etc.

d. Annexation / Possession (Anexatie) 

A nation stands at a region dominated (annexed) by other people without meaningful reaction. Example: the state of Israel was formed in 1948 when many districts annex Palestine, Syria, Jordan and Egypt. 

e. Unlearning and the formation of new states. 

A country is broken and disappeared, then appeared on the territory of the new country. 

Example: Germany into West Germany and East Germany in 1945. 

f. Fusion - Melting two or more countries and form one country. 

g. Acessie - Withdrawal. Increasing a region because the sea sedimentation a long period of time and is occupied by the group. 

h.Cessie - Submission. A district handed over to other countries based on the agreement. 

i. Innovation - A National burst, then disappear and bring new countries on it. 

j. Separation - a region that is part of the country, then broke away from its parent country and declared independence. Example: Belgium in 1839 to escape from the Netherlands 

In addition to studying the origin of the first occurrence of the country can also use a theoretical approach that is based on an approach that hipotesanya logical frame of mind has not been proven in a statement. On the basis of these approaches, there are several theories about the origin of the occurrence of the country:

a. Theory Godhead (theokratis). 

The rationale for this theory is the belief that everything that exists or happens in this universe is all the will of God, as well as state occurs due to the will of God. The remains of theory theokratis symbol appears in the sentence contained in the Constitution of various countries, such as: "... .. Over the grace of Almighty God" or "By the grace of God". 

This theory was pioneered by Augustine, Friedrich Julius Stahl, and Kraneburg. 

b. Theory of Power. 

According to this theory the state is formed because of the power, while power comes from those who are the most robust and powerful, so that the state is due to the people who have the power / authority to conquer the weak. 

c. Theory Society Agreement. 

According to this theory, the state is formed because a group of people who originally lived each individually entered into an agreement to form an organization that could hold a common interest. This theory is based on an understanding of human life is separated into two pre-state era (era naturally) and the state. 

This theory was pioneered by Thomas Hobbes. 

d. Natural Law Theory. 

According to this theory, the formation of the state and the law by looking at human society before their own lives. Thoughts on the plato and Aristotle 

e. Human face Agreement theory of natural conditions and violence arises. Mankind would be doomed if he does not change his ways. Humans also unite to overcome the challenges and using union in a single motion for the common good. 

CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING MEDIA

INTRODUCTION 

In essence, learning is a conscious effort of teachers or students or teachers to help their students so that they can learn according to their needs and interests. Learning is an activity that aims. This goal must be in line with the objectives of student learning and curriculum. The purpose of learning the student is achieving the optimal development, which includes cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. While the purpose of the curriculum is the fulfillment of all targetan goals in a written document to achieve the learning objectives based on defined levels. 

Learning activities carried out by the teacher. Therefore, teachers must demonstrate and develop dynamic elements when membelajarkan to students. Many of us have encountered, students are not interested in learning the material because the subject matter is boring. To avoid these symptoms, the teacher must select and organize the subject matter in such a way, that stimulate and challenge students to learn. 

In this case, the teacher is required to utilize the results of the technology, this connection is able to understand the medium (intermediate) so that the achievement of learning goals in the learning process. 

Further in this paper will explain the classification and also the characteristics of instructional media.

PROBLEM FORMULATION 

A. Definition of instructional media. 

B. Classification of instructional media. 

C. Characteristics of instructional media. 

D. The election procedure appropriate learning media.

DISCUSSION 

A. Definition of Learning Media 

The word comes from the Latin media medius, which literally means the middle, intermediate or introduction. In Arabic, the media is an intermediate (وسائل) or introductory message from the sender to the receiver of the message. Association for Education and Communication Technology (AECT) defines all forms of media that is used for the information distribution process. Gerlach and Ely (1971) says that if the media is understood broadly human, material, or events that establish the conditions that enable the child to acquire the knowledge, skills, or attitudes. In this sense, teachers, textbooks, and school environment is the media. More specifically, the notion of media in teaching and learning tends to be interpreted as graphical tools, photographic, or electronically to capture, process, and reconstruct visual or verbal information. [1] 

It can be concluded that the definition of media is something that is delivering the message and can stimulate thoughts, feelings, and willingness audience (students) so as to encourage the learning process in itself. Creative use of media will allow the audience (students) to learn better and can improve the performance of them in accordance with the objectives to be achieved. [2] 

B. Classification of Instructional Media 

Along the way, the development of instructional media with the current technological developments. The oldest technology that is utilized printing system that works on the basis of the mechanistic principles. Then the audio-visual technology combine mechanistic and electronic discovery for the purpose of learning. Last emerging technology is a micro processor that spawned the use of computers and interactive activities. Based on these developments, the learning media can be classified into 4 groups, namely: the result of printing technology media, audio-visual media technology results, media results are based on computer technology, print media merge results and computer technology. [3] 

According to Rudi Bretz classify the main characteristics of media on the following principal elements: sound, visual, and motion. To visually distinguished itself again in three forms, namely: visual images, line (graphic liner), and symbols. He also distinguishes broadcast media and recording media, so there are eight classifications of media; 

1. Audio-visual motion media
2. Audio-visual media silent 
3. Audio spring motion media
4. Visual motion media
5. Visual media silent 
6. Visual media spring motion 
7. Audio media
8. Print 

Meanwhile, according to Oemar H. Malik, there are four classifications of teaching media, namely: 

1. Visual tools that can be seen, 
2. The tools that are auditory or that can only be heard, 
3. Tools that can be seen and heard, 
4. Dramatization. 

But according to Gagne, there are seven kinds of media classification, namely: object to demonstrated, oral communication, print images, still images, motion pictures, silent films, machine learning. Seven kinds of media classification is then linked with its ability to meet the function according to the development level of the hierarchy learning stimulus learning thrower, towing interest in learning, learning behavior instances, given the external conditions, demanding way of thinking, rather incorporate knowledge, assess the achievements and give feedback behind. 

Based on some of the above classification can be concluded in general there are five, namely learning media: print-based media, visual-based media, audio-visual media-based, computer-based media, human-based media.

C. Characteristics of Learning Media 

Classification as described in the preceding description describes the characteristics or specific traits of each medium differ from one another in accordance with the object and purpose of the grouping. We can determine the characteristics of the media according to their economic review, the scope of covered targets, ease of control by the wearer and so on. Also can be seen from the ability of stimulation evokes the senses of sight, hearing, touch, conversation, or smell, or compliance with the hierarchy level of learning. As stated by Kemp (1975) is the basis for selecting the media in accordance with a particular learning situation. As was said by Arief S. Sadiman (1986) that the classification of the media, media characteristics, and media selection are inseparable in the determination of learning strategies. [4] Here is a further explanation of the characteristics of instructional media. 

1.Human-Based Media 

Among some human-based media media is the oldest media to transmit and communicate a message or information. This media is helpful, especially if our goal is to change attitudes or want to be directly involved with monitoring student learning. Media man can direct and influence the process of learning through guided exploration by analyzing from time to time what is happening in the learning environment. Often in an atmosphere of learning, the students have had a bad learning experience and see learning as something negative. Human instructor "as a media" can intuitively feel the needs of their students and gave pengalamn learn that will help achieve the learning objectives. 

Human-based media filed two effective techniques, the design is centered on the problem and asking Socratic. The design-centered learning problems constructed based on the problem to be solved by the student. With the following steps: 

1. Formulate relevant issues. 
2. Identify the knowledge and skills related to problem solving. 
3. Teach why knowledge is important and how that knowledge can be applied to solving the problem. 
4. Guided exploration of students. 
5. Develop problem in the context of the diverse stages of difficulty levels. 
6. The value of the student's knowledge by giving a new problem to be solved.

While the Socratic asked: 

1. Identify questions that ask students to share, analyze, evaluate, and synthesize their work or task. 
2. The lesson might begin with a large group discussion as a discussion of exploration. Students can then be grouped in small groups to explore issues and ideas that appear in a large group discussion. 
3. Determining whether students have to learn or to work together in groups, individually, one by one, or freely. 

One of the important factors in learning with human-based media is an interactive lesson plans.

1. Based Print Media 

Media-based mold is most commonly known textbooks, handbooks, journals, magazines, and a sheet of paper. In the print-based media are six things to consider when designing, namely: consistency, format, organization, attractiveness, font size, and the use of empty space. [5] 

Text-based interactive learning became popular in the 1960s with the terms of programmed learning materials for independent study. With this format, for each small unit of information is presented and student response prompted either by answering questions or participating in training activities. [6] 

Materials-based print media is the basis of development and use of most other learning materials. Which has the following characteristics: 

1. The text is read in a linear fashion. 
2. The text displays one-way communication and receptive.
3. Display static text. 
4. Development is highly dependent on the principles of language and visual perception. 
5. The text is oriented toward students. 
6. Information can be arranged and rearranged by the user. [7] 

Print-based media has the advantages of: 

• Message or information can present in significant amounts. 
• Message or information can be learned by the students according to the needs, interests, and speed respectively. 
• Can be studied anytime and anywhere, because it is easy to carry 
• Even more interesting if it is equipped with an image and color. 
• Repair or revision easy to do. 

While the weakness of the print-based media: 

• The manufacturing process requires considerable time. 
• Bold print materials that may be boring and deadly motivate students to read. 
• If the volumes and ugly paper, printed materials will be easily damaged and torn. [8]

2. Based Visual Media 

As well as print-based media, visual media is not much different from the print-based media. That is also the basis for the development and use of most other learning materials that have these characteristics: 

• Visually observed by space. 
• Visual displays are also one-way communication and reseptic. 
• Also displayed visually static. 
• Visual perception is used as a reference in the principles of linguistic text-based media.
• Visual media are also student oriented. 
• Information can be reorganized and governed by the user. [9] 

Visual-based media (image / metaphor) holds a very important role in the learning process. Visual media can facilitate comprehension (eg through elaboration and organizational structure) and strengthen memory. Visual can also cultivate students' interest and may give the relationship between the content of the subject matter to the real world. In order to be effective at, the visual should be placed in a meaningful context and students should interact with it to convince any visual information processing. [10] 

The advantages of visual-based media:

• More interesting because there is an image, thus providing a real experience for students. 
• It is easier to remember with a visual concept map, mapping maid and abbreviations. 
• Visual media can facilitate comprehension (eg through elaboration and organizational structure) and strengthen students' memories. 
• Visual can also cultivate students' interest and may give the relationship between the content of the subject matter to the real world. 

Shortage of Visual-Based Media: 

• There will be difficulties if students have problems in eyesight. 
• Students will not understand the picture if the picture is not clear or does not match the shape reality. 
• Can not serve students with auditory and kinesthetic learning styles. 
• Takes a long time to create images and specialized skills to present an image corresponding original form. [11]

3. Based Audio-Visual Media 

Audio-visual technology is a means to produce or deliver materials by using mechanical machinery and electronics, for presenting audio messages and visual. Characteristics-based audio-visual media are: 

• Linear 
• Presenting a dynamic visualization 
• Used in a manner predetermined by the designer or manufacturer
• Is a physical representation of the idea of ​​real or abstract ideas 
• Developed according to the tenets of cognitive psychology and behaveiorisme. 
• Generally oriented to teachers, the level of student involvement interaktivnya low. [12] 

Teaching through audio-visual, has a consumption characteristics of hardware during the learning process, such as the use of projectors, tape recorders, projectors visual width. So is teaching through audio-visual production and use of materials, applicability through sight and hearing, and was not entirely dependent on understanding words or symbols that are similar. [13] 

Excess-based audio-visual media: 

• More effective in receiving learning style because it can serve students auditory and visual language. 
• Can provide a more real experience than that delivered the audio and visual media. 
• Students will be quickly understood by hearing accompanied seen directly, so it is not just imagine. 
• More interesting and fun to use audio-visual media. 

Disadvantages-based audio-visual media: 

• Audio-visual media production requires a long time, because it combines two elements of the audio and visual. 
• Requires skill and precision in its manufacture. 
• Costs used in the manufacture of audio-visual media is quite expensive. 
• If there is no device manufacturing will be difficult to make it (hit tool manufacture). [14]

4. Computer-Based media

Computer-based technology is a way of resulting in or presenting the material using sources based micro-processor. Computer-based media have the characteristics:

a. Can be used at random, non-sequential, or linear fashion.

b. Can be used based on the desire of the student or by the desire of the designer or developer as planned.

c. Usually the ideas presented in abstract style with words, symbols, graphics.

d. The principles of cognitive science to develop this medium.

e. Learning-oriented students and involve high student interaction. [15]

Computer simulation provides the opportunity to learn in a dynamic, interactive, and individuals. The success of the simulation is influenced by three factors, namely: the scenario, the base model, and a layer of teaching. [16]

D. Selection Procedures Appropriate Learning Media

In the selection of instructional media should pay attention to effectiveness and efficiency. There are four criteria for media selection in operlu notice how proposed by Dick and Carrie:

1. Availability of local sources, if the media in question is not present in the existing sources then it should be bought or made ​​yourself. 
2. Availability of funds, personnel and facilities. 
3. Factors related to flexibility, practicality, and durability of the medium used for long periods of time; when used with devices anywhere and anytime around it as well as portability. 
4. Effectiveness and cost efficiency in a fairly long period of time, even if it seems expensive, but cheaper than other media which only use disposable. 

Media selection procedure as presented by Arif S Sadiman there are three models that can be used as a procedure in the selection of media to be used, namely:

1. Model 1 is a flow chart of the model using the elimination in the selection decision.
2. Matrix model, the form of deferred decision making model, the selection until all selection criteria were identified.
3. Model check list, the decision to suspend the election until all the criteria to be considered. [17]

Source :

[1] Azhar Arsyad, Media Pembelajaran, (Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2003), hlm. 3

[2] Asnawir dan M. Basyirudin Usman, Media Pembelajaran,(Jakarta: Ciputat Pers, 2002), hlm. 11

[3] Cecep Kustandi dan Bambang Sudjipto, Media Pembelajaran, (Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia, 2011), hlm. 33

[4] Asnawir dan M. Basyirudin Usman, Media Pembelajaran,...hlm. 32

[5] Azhar Arsyad, Media Pembelajaran, (Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2010), hlm. 82-87.

[6] Azhar Arsyad, Media Pembelajaran,... hlm. 90

[7] Cecep Kustandi dan Bambang Sudjipto, Media Pembelajaran,...hlm.33-34.

[8] Kurtek.upi.edu/media/sources/2-klasifikasi media.pdf. 3/4/2013.pkl11:56.

[9] Cecep Kustandi dan Bambang Sudjipto, Media Pembelajaran,...hlm. 36.

[10]  Azhar Arsyad, Media Pembelajaran,... hlm. 91.

[11] http://gtnheni.blogspot.com/2011/12/kelebihan-dan-kekurangan-jenis-jenis.html.3/4/2013.pkl11:56.

[12]  Cecep Kustandi dan Bambang Sudjipto, Media Pembelajaran..., hlm. 34

[13]  Azhar Arsyad, Media Pembelajaran,..., hlm. 30.

[14] http://gtnheni.blogspot.com/2011/12/kelebihan-dan-kekurangan-jenis-jenis.html, 3/4/2013.pkl.11:50

[15]  Cecep Kustandi dan Bambang Sudjipto, Media Pembelajaran..., hlm. 34

[16]  Azhar Arsyad, Media Pembelajaran,...hlm. 98.

[17] Asnawir dan M. Basyirudin Usman, Media Pembelajaran,...hlm. 126-127

Methods Of Teaching Fellow (Peer Teaching Methods)

There was the time a teacher suffered a deadlock in choosing effective methods for applied learning process in order to achieve the expected competencies mastered by students. Although various learning methods, determine which method is most suitable to be applied is not easy work. This is actually a teacher prosecuted keprofesionalannya as educators, counselors, and teachers

In General, students are very interested in new things. On the basis that a teacher must jelly in select the learning method to students staying motivated and keen to learn. Methods of teaching fellow (peer teaching methods) can be used as an option to meet it. Just don't get too often applied due to the effect, the study will ultimately monotonous and boring student.

Peer teaching method is a technique of delivering learning through peer or help themselves. Starting from the discussion of the matter until an assessment is also made of and by the students in the group itself (self assessment and peer assessment). As for the value of the end is a merger between the assessment by teachers and peers. From the defenisi, the teacher should be able to modify the method of peer teaching to fit the student applied for SD (high grade) especially on the part of his assessment.

Cooperative learning with this technique can be implemented in conjunction with the method of discussion. Prerequisites for implementing learning with peer teaching method in the class, there are some students who have to fast (smart) and all students are likely to have relevant knowledge base.

Step-by-step method teaching fellow (peer teaching methods) 

1. Teacher explains the topic, learning objectives, and measures/activities that will be undertaken by students 
2. to divide students into several groups of 4-6 students evenly (each group there is a clever student)
3. in the company of his students learn from and with another fellow in a way of mutual benefit as well as the sharing of knowledge, ideas, and experiences of each. 
4. Each Member of the group being sued gave their own opinions as well as responses that will be merged in a single conclusion. 
5. Each group formulated the results of its discussions in one conclusion on the basis of mutual agreement. 
6. A few minutes later (about 20 minutes) one of the members of each group are taking turns teaching the results of his findings in the presence of other groups. 
7. Each group was asked to give a response (criticism, suggestions, opinions, questions, comments, etc.) and discuss differences of opinion until the problem is resolved every 
8. problem that comes up is noted by teachers and given the solution 
9. Teachers give conclusion problems and solving them, so each student's understanding of the uniform. 
10. The assessment is done by teachers during the learning process is ongoing (especially in step 3)

Benefits of peer teaching method 

• Improving students ' learning motivation
• Improve the quality of the learning process 
• Enhances the interactive social learning 
• Encourages students in students towards higher-order thinking skills are 
• Developed to work in groups
• Improve the sense of responsibility for their own learning 
• Build a spirit of working together
• Train the skills of communicating 
• Improve the results of learning

Disadvantages of peer teaching method 

• Requires a relatively long time 
• If students do not have the relevant knowledge base then this method ineffective 
• Likely dominated by students who love to talk, clever, or who want to accentuate themselves 
• Not all teachers truly understand how each students work in groups 
• Need to be modified to fit applied to students (this technique is usually applied in college) 
• Requires extra strict teacher attention

Reference:

Research results Lyn Longaretti, et al (The University of Melbourne)-Centre for Development of Teaching and Learning (CDTL). National University of Singapore, at: http://www.cdtl.nus.edu.sg/

Writing by Dictation

Writers have different thinking styles that can determine the most effective way for them to record their thoughts. A writer who is very good at verbalizing may consider using dictation as a method to write. Recent advances in speech-to-text software makes this a viable choice. Fiction writing seems the most suitable to the writing by diction method. There are advantages and disadvantages in this method. 

Questions you may have include:

1. What styles of thinking affect writing?
2. How does diction work?
3. What are the pros and cons of this method?

This lesson will answer those questions. There is a mini-quiz near the end of the lesson.

Thinking styles affect writing

People have different ways of thinking and expressing their thoughts. Some can easily visualize what they want to say and put those pictures into words on paper, while others who think in terms of sounds and can easily explain their ideas verbally. There are some people who are extreme in only one style of thinking. Most of us work in both modes but have a preference of one over the other.

Visual thinkers

If you can visualize what you want to say, you are probably best at expressing your thoughts on a word processor or by writing in longhand. Some visual thinkers also think in a very organized manner. They may prefer to work with outlining word processors to document (and organize) their thoughts.

It may be difficult for a visual thinker to write by dictation, although it is worth a try.

Auditory thinkers

If you often think in terms of sounds you are called an auditory thinker. You can explain your ideas verbally but struggle to put those thoughts on paper. If you prefer to work in this mode, dictation methods may be a solution for material written.

Dictation methods

Methods to use dictation to put your thoughts on paper include using a typist to transcribe your dictation and using speech-to-text software.

Having a typist transcribe dictation

Dictating to a secretary who writes down your thoughts in shorthand used to be practiced in many business offices. It really isn't a viable writing method and is just stated for historical purposes.

Another dictation method is to speak into a tape recorder and then have a typist transcribe the material into text. You may be your own typist or use a professional transcriber or secretary to do the typing. This method has been used for years in the business community for writing memos and letters.

Earle Stanley Gardner

Writer Earle Stanley Gardner, who originated and wrote the Perry Mason series of books, dictated a major portion of his material. The story goes to that Gardner originally wrote his stories on a manual typewriter until his fingers bled. Seeking a better method, he turned to dictating the stories into a tape recorder and having secretaries transcribe the material into print. At one time he had nine secretaries transcribing at one time. He was a very prolific writer.

Using speech-to-text software

The modern method is to use speech recognition or speech-to-text software that allows a you to dictate directly into a microphone that is attached to your computer. The material is then automatically translated into text in a word processor. It is done with reasonable accuracy, and if something doesn't look right, you can easily delete it with a verbal command and correct it or start over.

Nuance's Dragon NaturallySpeaking is the top speech recognition application. They have versions ranging from Standard to Professional, depending on the features needed. You can buy Dragon NaturallySpeaking 9 Standard for about $82. They claim a 99% accuracy rate.

Using digital recorder

You can also use certain digital recorders to express your thoughts and then convert your recording into text automatically at a later time. In such a case, you need Dragon NaturallySpeaking 10 Preferred to transcribe audio from a digital recorder in speech-to-text. The program accepts MP3 and WMA audio files.

Use an Olympus WS-300M 256 MB Digital Voice Recorder that can be purchased for about $79. The recorder is very compact and can double as a music player. If you want more music playing capabilities, you can buy the 1 GB version, which of course costs more. The nice thing about this recorder is that you can directly plug it into your computer's USB port to download your audio files. No extra software is required to put the audio files onto your hard drive.

Once your dictation file is on your hard drive, you select it from Dragon NaturallySpeaking, and the program transcribes your story material in Word or other word processor. The software even has a playback feature that will read your text back to you.

Pros and cons of dictation

There are advantages and disadvantages to using dictation methods to create and write material.

Advantages

One advantage of dictating your thoughts is that it speeds up the writing process. Also, if you think verbally, you may lose good thoughts during the slow typing process. Another advantage of dictation is that it is a good to way to input written notes, taken at a meeting, lecture or seminar.

Seems best with fiction

Writing fiction is especially suitable to dictation. Writing a screenplay would be also work well with dictation. When writing fiction, TV or screenplays, dictation can be used to act out the roles of your characters during the writing process.

One reason that fiction may be especially suitable to dictation is the fact that often the creative process is more free-association. Fiction is not as structured as technical writing, which is often easily outlined with numbered steps. Another factor is that the writer can often get "into character" and create conversations during the dictation process.

Disadvantages

One disadvantage of dictation is that it can be cumbersome and takes some practice. Dictation software is fairly accurate, but you still need to be aware of errors or incorrect words. Also, you can often organize your thoughts better when writing or typing. Verbal communication is linear, where writing allows you to skip around.

Another drawback to dictation is that most people think visually, rather than completely verbally.

Summary

Dictation software is a great tool to enhance your writing. Some people can be highly creative through dictation, while others may struggle with it. Experiment to see how you best perform with the use of this technique of writing.

Direct Learning Model

Direct instructional model, known as direct instruction is a teaching model that focuses on mastering concepts and also change the behavior of a deductive approach. Here the role of the teacher is very important as a transmitter of information, so it's been a teacher should take advantage of existing facilities such as tape recorders, films, demonstrations, drawings and so on. The information presented can be knowledge of procedural and declarative knowledge in nature. Despite this drawback, namely learning models such as this can not be used at all times and can not be applied in all the learning objectives.

In the syntax of direct instructional model, there are seven steps where at each step there are stages in the delivery of material. For more details, refer to the following:

Delivering orientation lessons and learning objectives to students. 

So at this stage the teachers convey some things to learn and also the expected performance of learners. 

Conduct a review of knowledge and skills of pre-requisites. 

Here the teacher will ask questions to determine the skills and knowledge students already mastered. 

Delivering course material. 

In this stage the teacher will deliver the materials and information as well as provide a variety of examples and so on

Implement guidance. 

So the guidance is done by asking questions aimed at assessing the level of understanding of the students and try to correct the misconceptions that exist. 

Provide opportunities for students to continue to practice. 

Here teachers provide opportunities for students to continue to practice skills and use new information in groups or individually. 

Assess the performance of each student and give him feedback. 

In this stage the teacher will give a review of everything that has been done the student, then the teacher will provide feedback on the student's response correctly.

Provide independent practice. 

So teachers can give assignments independently for the students in order to increase understanding of the material that has been submitted. 

In addition, the direct instructional model can basically and very suitable to be applied if found in situations that allow them as follows:

• When teachers want to try to introduce new areas of learning. 
• When teachers want to try to teach skills to students or teaching procedures that have a clear structure. 
• When the students find difficulties can be overcome with a structured explanation. 
• When the teacher wants to convey a particular technique before the students do practice activities. 
• When the teacher wants the students interested in the topic.

So the direct instructional model should be applied when it is already found several conditions such as those described, so that the learning process and the delivery of content to students can be more effective.