IRREGULAR VERBS ORGANIZED ACCORDING TO PATTERNS
Three different vowels in the three forms: I-A-U
INFINITIVE
(first form in dictionary) SIMPLE PAST
(second form) PAST PARTICIPLE (PP) FOR PRESENT PERFECT (have/has & PP) & PAST PERFECT (had & PP)
(third form, sometimes also used as adjective
sing sang sung
drink drank drunk
sink sank sunk
begin began begun
ring rang rung
shrink shrank shrunk
stink stank stunk
swim swam swum
Three different vowels in three different forms (other than those above in 1)
INFINITIVE
(first form in dictionary) SIMPLE PAST
(second form) PAST PARTICIPLE (PP) FOR PRESENT PERFECT (have/has & PP) & PAST PERFECT (had & PP)
(third form, sometimes also used as adjective
do* did done*
fly flew flown
see saw seen*
write wrote written
ride rode ridden
drive drove driven
go went gone*
be, am, is*, are* was*, were* been*
Two different vowels in the three forms: first and last form are the same
INFINITIVE
(first form in dictionary) SIMPLE PAST
(second form) PAST PARTICIPLE (PP) FOR PRESENT PERFECT (have/has & PP) & PAST PERFECT (had & PP)
(third form, sometimes also used as adjective
run ran run
come* came come*
Third form ending in N:
INFINITIVE
(first form in dictionary) SIMPLE PAST
(second form) PAST PARTICIPLE (PP) FOR PRESENT PERFECT (have/has & PP) & PAST PERFECT (had & PP)
(third form, sometimes also used as adjective
see saw seen
sow sowed sown
lie lay lain
show showed shown (-ed)
tear tore torn
wear wore worn
bear bore born
swear swore sworn
am/is/are was/were been*
throw threw thrown
blow blew blown
grow grew grown
draw drew drawn
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
fly flew flown
know knew known
First form, second form often with different vowel, last form with -en
INFINITIVE
(first form in dictionary) SIMPLE PAST
(second form) PAST PARTICIPLE (PP) FOR PRESENT PERFECT (have/has & PP) & PAST PERFECT (had & PP)
(third form, sometimes also used as adjective
shake shook shaken
take took taken
give* gave given
eat ate eaten
beat beat (not different) beaten
ride rode ridden
bite bit bitten
write wrote written
break broke broken
strike stroke stricken
weave wove woven
wake woke woken
rise rose risen
speak spoke spoken
hide hid hidden
freeze froze frozen
forgive* forgave forgiven
forget forgot forgotten
get* got gotten
beat beat beaten
choose chose chosen
drive drove driven
fall fell fallen
forbid forbade forbidden
arise arose arisen
steal stole stolen
First form, magic E, same as second form
INFINITIVE
(first form in dictionary) SIMPLE PAST
(second form) PAST PARTICIPLE (PP) FOR PRESENT PERFECT (have/has & PP) & PAST PERFECT (had & PP)
(third form, sometimes also used as adjective
make made made
shine shone shone
First form + second and third are the same with a different vowel sound than the first form
7a) short vowels and vowel teams with endings other than T
INFINITIVE
(first form in dictionary) SIMPLE PAST
(second form) PAST PARTICIPLE (PP) FOR PRESENT PERFECT (have/has & PP) & PAST PERFECT (had & PP)
(third form, sometimes also used as adjective
lead led led
feed fed fed
lay laid laid
read read read
sting stung stung
grind ground ground
wind wound wound
say said* said*
pay paid* paid*
lay laid* laid*
have had had
win won won
stick stuck stuck
swing swung swung
stand stood stood
wring wrung wrung
hang hung hung
hang hanged hanged
light lighted lighted
understand understood understood
strike struck struck
find found found
sell sold sold
tell told told
hold held held
bleed bled bled
shine shone shone
breed bred bred
cling clung clung
dig dug dug
flee fled fled
slide slid slid
hear heard heard
7b) Second and third form end in T (mostly with vowelteam words)
INFINITIVE
(first form in dictionary) SIMPLE PAST
(second form) PAST PARTICIPLE (PP) FOR PRESENT PERFECT (have/has & PP) & PAST PERFECT (had & PP)
(third form, sometimes also used as adjective
feel felt felt
deal dealt dealt
kneel knelt knelt
weep wept wept
shoot shot shot
meet met met
sleep slept slept
creep crept crept
leap leapt leapt
keep kept kept
may might might
get* got got
sit sat sat
light lit lit
dream dreamt dreamt
send sent sent
bend bent bent
lend lent lent
lose* lost lost
spend spent spent
mean meant meant
7c) Second and third form end in -ought, -ought
INFINITIVE
(first form in dictionary) SIMPLE PAST
(second form) PAST PARTICIPLE (PP) FOR PRESENT PERFECT (have/has & PP) & PAST PERFECT (had & PP)
(third form, sometimes also used as adjective
think thought thought
bring brought brought
seek sought sought
buy* bought bought
fight fought fought
ought to ought to ought to
7d) Second and third form end in -aught, -aught (can be taught as red words)
INFINITIVE
(first form in dictionary) SIMPLE PAST
(second form) PAST PARTICIPLE (PP) FOR PRESENT PERFECT (have/has & PP) & PAST PERFECT (had & PP)
(third form, sometimes also used as adjective
catch caught caught
teach taught taught
7e) Second and third form end in -ould, -ould (= red words)
INFINITIVE
(first form in dictionary) SIMPLE PAST
(second form) PAST PARTICIPLE (PP) FOR PRESENT PERFECT (have/has & PP) & PAST PERFECT (had & PP)
(third form, sometimes also used as adjective
can could* could*
shall should* should*
will would* would*
All three forms are the same
INFINITIVE
(first form in dictionary) SIMPLE PAST
(second form) PAST PARTICIPLE (PP) FOR PRESENT PERFECT (have/has & PP) & PAST PERFECT (had & PP)
(third form, sometimes also used as adjective
must must must
quit quit quit
cut cut cut
fit fit fit
set set set
split split split
lit lit lit
slit slit slit
let let let
spread spread spread
upset upset upset
sublet sublet sublet
bet bet bet
broadcast broadcast broadcast
burst burst burst
cost cost cost
put* put* put*
shut shut shut
hit hit hit
NOTE: * indicates that these spellings are non-phonetic; they are referred to as red words.
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